Aviation Information Technology

Technological progress has been going on in the sector of Aviation from time to time. Since the 1980s, Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) has been transforming tourism globally. This essay will be looking into the matter how ICT in the aviation industry has changed the way costumers book their flight through internet, by looking at various sources. The other issue the essay would be focusing at is what customers demand from the websites of the airlines to help make their work easier by helping them to find the right thing for them. The development of the ICT specially the internet has empowered the consumers and is giving them an exceptional value for money and time (Twenty years on and 10 years after the Internet: The state of eTourism research, 2008). Where internet is helping consumers to save their time on the same time internet is helping the companies to reduce their costs’. Consumers are now able book their paperless tickets online. The fares have been reduced as there are no agents wanting their commission. Sometimes consumers also get financial incentives for self-booking online (eAirlines: strategic and tactical use of ICTs in the airline industry,buhalis,2004). No-frills airlines are using their web sites to attract and communicate directly with consumers (E. Jorgensen, Southwest Airlines: Success Story). This enables them to bypass travel agencies and their commissions. In 2003, both Easyjet and Ryanair achieved more than 92% of their bookings through their web sites, whilst Southwest sold 50% of its tickets on its web site (eAirlines: strategic and tactical use of ICTs in the airline industry). Researching the information is a very significant part of a decision process which has revolutionized by the internet. The more the consumer researches about trip, the more information he has, which eventually helps him deciding the best for him. ICT does not only reduce uncertainty and perceived risks but also enhance the quality of trips (Fodness & Murray, 1997). A well informed consumer is able to interact much better with local people, resources and cultures, to find the services and products that meet his requirement and to take advantage of the reduced prices and special offers(Twenty years on and 10 years after the Internet: The state of eTourism research, Dimitrios Buhalis, Rob Law,2008). Global Distribution System (GDS) is a computer reservation system, typically owned jointly by airlines in different countries, that includes reservation databases of suppliers in many countries. Abbreviated GDS. This term has largely replaced â€Å"computerized reservation system (CRS)† as the term of choice within the industry (www. hotel-online. com). Customer’s loyalty towards an airline has become more important and more threatened as a result of heightened competition because of the number of the number of airlines in the industry. Moreover, the increase in competition has increased the cost of loyalty programs that provide a wide variety of benefits to loyal customers or to keep existing customers from moving to other airlines, such as free or discounted tickets, upgrades to premium cabins, separate reservation telephone numbers and check in counters at airports, use of airport lounges, special boarding priority or seating preferences. In order to meet customer expectations, airlines need to track not only the value provided and received from these loyalty benefits but also the costs of providing such benefits. Internet is one of the most influential things that have changed consumers’ behavior. Internet enables the consumers to interact directly with the airline or the suppliers reducing the role of intermediaries. Today consumers want a dynamic package rather than selected few holiday packages, and internet has made this possible by allowing the consumers going directly to the company they want to deal with to customize their products. The internet has been already been influencing the markets of developing countries like China and India by allowing customers to be dynamic. Moving to the choice for the consumers, internet has given consumers a lot of options and choices. Consumers can now look through number of companies who they might want to go with. They can choose from a single journey to a whole customized holiday package. No-Frills airline like ryanair and easyjet focus only on their websites cutting all the unnecessary costs and allowing the customers to book their flights or packages on very low prices. Personal Information is something which a person is very careful about. But, increasingly consumers are willing to provide their personal information in exchange of better services and products that they want. Complain is another very significant issue for a company, in order to provide a way for the customers to provide a feedback and give a complaint, airline companies have a different section on their websites to handle the complains so that there is a proper channel of communication between management and unsatisfied customers. With numerous advantages of the airline websites, comes many problems as it is a computer based system. A computer system can crash any moment which can cause the airline huge losses. A report by Akamai and Jupiter Research has shown that 28% of online shoppers will not wait longer than four seconds for a web page to load before leaving3. Looking at broadband Internet users alone, the number is even higher. A full one third of those abandon a web page if it takes longer than four seconds to load. Needless to say, if a site is down, 100% of the site visitors are turned away. It’s the equivalent of lock ¬ing the door to the store(press. and1. co. uk). Airlines also try to earn more revenue by unfair means. Ryanair has several different hidden costs which increases the cost of a return flight by treble even though it is a low cost airline. ?20 per person per round trip to check in at desk with hand luggage. ?30 / ? 40 per bag per round trip to check in a suitcase with online check in. ?60 per bag per round trip to check in ski or sports equipment. ?10 per person per round trip to pay with cards except an Electron Card. Many sites had multiple problems. The overall trends of problems within the sector are like misleading pricing has emerged as the biggest problem, found in 58% of the sites, irregularities related to contract terms were found in 49% of those sites (missing or wrong language version, and pre-checked boxes for optional services). Problems in which the advertised offers were missing appeared to be in 15% of the sites (europa. eu) This essay has looked into the matter of the role played by internet and the airline websites which help consumers to decide what they want as their option for a single service or a group of services. Internet also provides a consumer a wide range of options as they can go through everything they want to and they want to know about. Consumers can give their personal details to the websites if they are sure that they will get the maximum from the airlines. Internet has been very successful in changing the demands of the consumers, by letting them research about what they want and the airline companies giving them an option to be dynamic. But, there are some problems too with the websites like hidden costs in them or the crashing of the websites. Till now internet has mostly helped and will be always helping the aviation industry. References: europa. eu, 6/11/2009 eAirlines: strategic and tactical use of ICTs in the airline industry,buhalis,2004 E. Jorgensen, Southwest Airlines: Success Story, in www. novell. com, 8/11/2009 hotel-online. com, 8/11/2009 press. 1and1. co. uk, 7/11/2009 Twenty years on and 10 years after the Internet: The state of eTourism research, Dimitrios Buhalis Bournemouth University, Rob Law Hong Kong Polytechnic University,2008

Analyzing Pro Forma Statements Essay

XYZ Inc. In order to create an initiative for growth, an analysis of the company’s short term and long term financing needs are assessed to determine strategies for the company to manage working capital. The suggested initiative to increase XYZ Company, Inc. revenue over the next five years is by acquiring assets through a merger with UVW Company to produce more of product X. Companies must be able to manage growth either through the acquisition of assets or through the capital budgeting process. Through the acquisition of assets, external financing will be required. Growing quickly will allow XYZ Company to gain a larger market share and reinforce its viable position in the marketplace. Expanding too rapidly can have consequences. If the company has too much debt-financing and cash flows are reduced the company will risk being unable to repay its debts. Management must ensure the business can grow, what funding may be needed, and determine the sustainable growth rate. Pro Forma A pro forma statement is a method of calculating financial results to emphasize projected figures for a company. A pro forma is intended to give investors a clear view of company operations. For XYZ Company, the pro forma statements will reflect the merger with UVW to produce more of their best-selling products and adding a list of new ones. Management expects sales and costs to increase by 20 percent for the coming year. Forty-one percent of total liabilities for the company are loans payable to stockholders; therefore management is reluctant to create additional financing through debt. The company will finance the merger through sale of stocks, and liquidation of excess equipment because cash on hand is relatively small. The merger will allow unnecessary extra equipment and inventory to also be sold to finance the new, united company. Though the merger will increase sales, operating costs are also expected to rise to  meet the demand for the next five years. A substantial financial reason for a merger is economies of scale. The operating economies will be lower in the combined business firm. Benefits to a merger would include the ability to buy raw materials in bulk at lower prices, the possibility of better interest rates on loans for being a larger company, and better quality goods through a more efficient company. Though fixed costs may increase slightly, overall efficiency is expected to occur. XYZ’s current net sales are $1,747,698 and expected to grow 20% a year to reach $4,352,628 in five years. â€Å"Growth may also improve the effectiveness of the organization. Larger companies have a number of advantages over smaller firms operating in more limited markets† (Thomas, 2014). Additional funding post-merger will not be needed due to the liquidation of excess assets, and the sale of stock. Based upon the financial statements of the XYZ Company, management has decided that acquiring another business in the same industry will create a more efficient and effective company. The revenues earned from the combined business will continue to increase in the next five years. The company’s short term and long term financing needs have been addressed. Meeting payroll obligations, inventory purchases, and expansion are all included in the pro forma statement for XYZ. References Dileep, R. (2010). Forbes: The 12 Best Sources of Business Financing. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/2010/07/06/best-funding-sources-for-small-business-entrepreneurs-finance-dileep-rao.htmlThomas, J. (n.d). Diversification Strategy. Retrieved October 19, 2014 from http://Reference for Business; Encyclopedia of Business, 2nd ed. http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/De-Ele/Diversification-Strategy.html

Pow 12 Imp 1

1. To find my conclusions I had to think about each part of the problem. When you know that one thing means you go on to the next part. When you figure out what that means you have to see how the two statements are related. If they are related then you can deduce a conclusion that makes sense. 2. Here are my conclusions for the 6 problems on page 7. 1. a. No medicine is nice b. Senna is a medicine Here I deduced that Senna is not a nice medicine. I think this because the first statement says that â€Å"no medicine is nice. † That tells me that all medicines are not nice. The second statement says â€Å"Senna is a medicine†. That statement is straight forward. When you put them together you can decide that Senna is a medicine and medicines are not nice. So Senna is not nice. 2. a. All shillings are round b. These coins are round Here I decided that no now conclusions can be drawn. The first statement says â€Å"All shillings are round. † That statement is clear. The second statement says â€Å"These coins are round. † This tells you the coin they have are round. When you put these statements together you can see some flaws. They say these coins but you don’t know if any of these coins are shillings. They can be other coins that are round. So you cannot deduce anything. These coins are 3. a. Some pigs are wild b. All pigs are fat Here I decided that there are no conclusions that can be made. The first statement tells you that some pigs are wild and the second tells you that all pigs are fat. But when you put these statements together you get wild pigs are fat but you already know that because the second statement says that all pigs are fat. Thus you cannot deduce anything. . a. Prejudiced persons are untrustworthy b. Some unprejudiced persons are disliked Here there are no conclusions that can be made. These statements are just statements are just statements and you cannot deduce anything from them. If you combine these statements you get prejudice persons are untrustworthy and some are disliked. 5. a. Babies are illogical b. Nobody who is despised can manage a crocodile c. Illogical persons are d espised Here I deduce that Babies cannot manage a crocodile. The first statement says that Babies are illogical. The third statement says that illogical persons are despised. When you put those statement together you get babies are despised. Then you have to look at the second statement. Nobody who is despised can manage a crocodile. So when you put those statements together you get babies cannot manage a crocodile. 6. a. No birds, except ostriches, are 9 feet tall b. There are no birds in the aviary that belong to anyone but me c. No ostrich lives on mince pies d. I have no birds less that 9 feet tall. Here I deduced that the birds in the aviary are ostriches and they do not eat mince pies.. To deduce this I combined the third and fourth statements. Together it says that no birds less than 9 feet tall are in the aviary. Then when you combine that statement with the fourth statement you deduce that the birds in the aviary are ostriches. And when you conclude the third statement you get a final statement that says the birds in the aviary are ostriches and they do not eat mince pies. Part Two Valid Conclusion: People with hats are untrustworthy Untrustworthy people are dangerous. Invalid Conclusion: Some Golden Retrievers are gold These dogs are gold 3. This POW has to do with mathematics because it is all about logic. In math without logic you would less successful then if you do have logic. If something does not seem right to you or is confusing you are using logic to realize that something is wrong and will use it to solve it. Without logic you wouldn’t know when something is right or wrong. 4. This POW was fairly simple. But some of the problems required you to think more than others. But if you think it out in steps you will be able to solve them easily. I believe that I did well and thought out each problem as well as I can.

Comparing Coca-Cola Enterprise and Pepsi Co. Financial Management Research Paper

Comparing Coca-Cola Enterprise and Pepsi Co. Financial Management - Research Paper Example They are equally important for all, Management, Owners and prospective Investors. The first thing that attracts investors to a Company is its profitability and what the investors will get in return of their investment, as profit whether distributed or not is Profitability measures are important to company managers and owners alike. If an entity has to attract investors , the owners have to show some attractive profits to lure them into investing and for that the profitability ratios are the key. Company’s overall efficiency and performance is shown by the profitability ratios and one can easily compare financial information available for two or three companies to ensure the worth of each after making and investment. Financial Ratios used to determine the satisfaction of a Company’s Stockholders: The Return on Equity is an important ratio as it calculates the company’s earnings performance and tells the shareholders how much are they getting on every $1 of their investment (as capital) made in the company. This ratio explains the shareholders how effectively their money is being employed and getting the profits for the company each period. Shareholders, on comparing the ratios with similar companies or industry as a whole, can get the satisfaction or dissatisfaction that their monies are utilized properly and getting the desired results or not. However, it should be kept in mind while making the comparisons that there are variations in this ratio among some types of businesses. The Dividend Payout Ratio, as the shareholders are always looking for the return, not in form of figures in the financial statements but also in their hands as ready cash. This ratio indicates the dividend a company pays to its common shareholders on every $1 net profit it earns. That is how muc h of the profit is distributed by the company to its shareholders as return and how much is retained. And no matter how forward looking the shareholders are they are always looking for some materialistic return and dividend is one of those things that satisfy the shareholders the most. Guidelines to invest in one of those companies: The debt ratio gives an idea how much the Company is indebted as compared to the assets it held. That is the amount of total liability per $1 of its total assets. The more the debts are the more riskier is the company and its operations to invest in as its shows that the company is not able to pay its debts from the assets it holds if all the amount is called currently. Further it also indicates that in case of liquidation the shareholders equity would be utilized and the owners share in the assets will be reduced or nullified. Comparing Coca-Cola Enterprise and Pepsi Co, in this regard Coca-Cola Enterprise is less risky because of its 0.946 debt ratio a s compared to Pepsi Co’s 0.562. The Current Ratio highlights the liquidity of the company, higher the current ratio means more liquid the company is and that the company’

Summary on The Awakening by Kate Chopin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Summary on The Awakening by Kate Chopin - Essay Example The Awakening tells the saga of Edna Pontellier, a married woman and mother of two, who lives in the 18th century Victorian era. During that time, the world in itself was patriarchal and suppressed the species of women altogether, thus not providing women with the chance to neither express themselves, nor even think about their needs and wants. Edna faced similar situation in her life, as she had to conform to the society’s envisioned role for her, and take care of her family rather than acknowledging her needs and desires. However, throughout the book, Edna’s character undergoes significant change and she develops into something more than a mere puppet of the society. Edna’s awakening is depicted at various instances through the story, for example, when she tells Robert that she is â€Å"no longer one of Mr. Pontellier’s possessions† (113) and when she is at sea and she feels like a â€Å"new-born creature† (120). Though Edna stops conformin g to the general role of women cast by the society, and although she engages in a lot of rebellion, in the end she commits suicide, and it is left for the reader to think of this act as either representative of cowardice or her last rebellion. Through the awakening that Edna undergoes she tries to reverse the duality of life- â€Å"outward existence which conforms, the inward life which questions,† which she has known since her childhood (18). That is, she not only physically rebels against the conformations of the society, but also she brings to surface all the questions she has stifled throughout her life. Edna’s character transforms when she finds herself vacationing with her family in Grand Isle, where she meets different people, each of whom have something new to teach her. Thus, in the process she learns three new languages, namely, verbal, artistic and sexual languages. She learns about the verbal language, that is, expressing

How can a manager motivate a workforce and what are the major benefits Essay - 4

How can a manager motivate a workforce and what are the major benefits of this to a company Support your answer with examples - Essay Example This model states that there are five different main elements of a job that can result in motivating employees, these five main elements include, skill variety, task identity, task significance along with independence and reaction being the two most important elements of a job (DAFT, 2011, p.421). Body The model of job characteristics states that employees are motivated to perform those jobs where they can use different sets of skills and the skills that are required for such a job must require an employee to use that are of higher level. For example: managers can motivate an entry level employee in Human Resource Department if the employee is allowed to work on tasks that require higher level skills such as screening of resumes, creating training and interviewing schedules and other skills. According to Bremner and fellow researchers, skill variety is one of the main job characteristics that led to making employees feel that their work was meaningful and this feeling employees are m otivated as they feel that their skills are being used to perform are important for the job (Bremner, 2011, p.15). The job characteristic model asserts that employees are motivated to work on those tasks in which they feel that they are in control and due to their contribution a particular task was completed from the moment it started to the moment it ended. For example: a recruitment specialist will be motivated from hiring an employee in which he performed the duties of conducting job analysis and ended the task by hiring a suitable employee for a particular position. The employee would end up being de-motivated if he was only allowed to conduct job analysis and screen employees and selection of the employee was done by another employee. According to a literature search conducted by Rizwan and other researchers, there is a positive relationship between employee performance and job involvement (Rizwan, 2011, p.81). They state that the higher the level of an employee in a job, the h igher is the performance level of the employee. A third element of a job emphasized upon by the model is the element of task significance and the model states that employees are motivated to work on those assignments that are significant for others who are within the organization as well as outside the organization. For example: managers can motivate employees by assigning them tasks that are of significant importance to the top level of the management as this will make employees feel that they are needed by the organization. According to Grant, employee performance as well as dedication of lifeguards was positively impacted due to the significance of their task for others (Grant, 2008, p.120). A fourth important component of a job that leads to employee motivation is the amount of freedom to make decisions regarding how a particular job should be performed. For example: a teacher who is handed over a curriculum and course outline to follow by the supervisor will be less motivated t o perform his/her job as compared to a teacher who is allowed to design the curriculum as well as the outline to teach the students. According to Cordery and fellow researchers, employee team performance was degraded when they were faced with uncertain situations, but employee team performance became better due to higher level of autonomy even when they faced uncertain situati

Exploring the german business culture Assignment

Exploring the german business culture - Assignment Example The official language is German that is used by over 95% of the population as their first language. Other minority languages include Sorbian, Frisian, Turkish and Kurdish. The communities experience a temperate and marine climate with cloudy and wet winters while the summers occasionally warm. The paper below address the German cultural aspects that should be considered when opening a business venture in Berlin through focus of intercultural aspects such as communication and decision-making styles. Each member has a defined role that he plays in a team. Individual members are respected for their technical ability and knowledge. Most of the organizational roles are undertaken under minimal supervision of the teams. Cross-cultural team management can prove difficult because most people are requested to make decisions in relation to their area of hierarchy. Therefore, decisions made at cross-departmental groups are revisited after the groups have submitted their findings to their superiors. Managers delegate responsibility to a group member who is technically competent to perform the delegated tasks (Gerhart, 2008: 259-274). The appointed person is given concise and clear instructions as the manager does not supervise or interfere with their duties. Socialization within the work quarters tends to be horizontal rather than vertical. Some of the cultural artifacts that characterize the business environment include: The vital aspect of German communication is the direct communication style that is seemingly confrontational. Business discussions and interactive meetings are characterized by open criticism normally directed towards any aspect of the problem, business or project at hand. This should not be considered as disapproval, but rather a method of seeking clarification on the business aspect that attracts their interest. At a personal level, Germans tend to be formally withdrawn, which many people view as being

Technology Article Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Technology Article - Assignment Example The Public Switched Telephone Network and the Wired Internet are mesh networks that have been present for some time. Wireless net technology allows the building of electronic networks without having to dig up buildings and streets since it does not need any physical wiring. Besides, it is flexible in coverage and can reach areas that are beyond other wireless technologies and networks (Lee, Zheng, Jianliang, Shresttha& Deepesh, 56). The nodes of WMN are made up of mesh clients and mesh routers. The mesh routers, which usually have minimum mobility, provide access to network for both convectional and mesh clients. WMNs’ interaction with other networks can be made possible through the bridging and gateway functions within the mesh routers (Akyildiz, Wang & Wang, 1). The mesh clients, like desk tops and laptops, can either be mobile or stationery and are able to generate a client mesh network with mesh routers and among themselves. Each node works both as a host and as a router that forwards packets for the other nodes that are not within the range of direct wireless transmissions with their destinations. WMNs may face steep competition from other broadband technologies like the xDsL, cable, satellite internet and Broadband Wireless Local Loop but they posses significant advantages that make them a viable alternative according to Jun and Sichitiu (1). Some of the applications and scenarios where this technology appears to be more affordable and versatile than other wireless or wired technologies include in emergency situations, extensive coverage areas and unwired, under-wired or hard-to- wire areas (Lee et al., 56). Examples of extensive coverage area are stadiums, offices and campus networks while hard-to-wire areas include highways, golf courses and conduits. WMNs are anticipated to reduce limitations and improve the performance of wireless local area networks, ad hoc networks, wireless

America's Health Reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

America's Health Reform - Essay Example The New Health Care Reform Bill will include coverage for uninsured children, and people who are in poverty. This hopefully will make for a much better and healthier society. This new health care system will be beneficial to society and allow consumers more security in their futures. Although the American government has been working to improve the health care system, it still needs more development. There have been many changes from the past up until today. One of the biggest problems is the hospital pricing market. It has become very expensive for lower income people to afford. Many people argue that the health care system we have now works effectively, and that people are satisfied with it. However, I do not think this is true. Consumers, employers, and the government are all demanding lower costs and higher quality from medical services. However, most hospitals retain an increasing profit in their market. The high costs of health care make medical treatment unattainable for povert y stricken people. Based on research, â€Å"approximately a thousand hospitals located in the United States closed their doors, and the hospital admissions declined by 11 percent from 1980 to today† Meaning that many hospitals have been deficit, due to the high costs charged to patients. These people did not want to go to the hospital due to unaffordable prices. Therefore, many hospitals in America are not earning a profit. It seems very beneficial to lower their prices, as it will attract more people to buy health care services. This can, in turn, increase their profits. In South Korea, there are many government subsidies to hospitals through tax collection. Its’ subsidy from the government decreases the cost, and increases the demand for health care. Older people, who suffer from poverty, and people with any financial difficulties, can receive medical care. In America, there is a need to change the market price. The current health care systems that are offered to Ame ricans are eating up much of their regular incomes. According to an article released in Los Angeles Times, one of the health services provided to consumers by their employers consumes, â€Å"30% of unemployment benefits for individual coverage and almost 84% for family coverage.† It is evident that, although workers are provided with health coverage, it is taking a large toll on their incomes. You might say it is burning a hold in their pockets. This is another reason why the health care system needs to be altered; to better accommodate more Americans. If the health care services system were changed, it would provide a better future for the younger generation. Children deserve to start their lives with a healthy body and mind. All children need access to complete health services, and treatment that provides for them when they are sick. But today, about 11 million children, more than 90 percent of them from working families, have no health insurance. According to an article pu blished in Individual Child Health Insurance, children under the age of 18 are not insured. Their parents earn too much money to qualify for Medicare, but too little to afford any health coverage for their own children. Many of the parents get up every morning, go to work, pay their taxes, and abide by laws that do not provide their children with health insurance. In 1996, 70 percent of all Americans added to the ranks of the uninsured were children. The employers from the health insurance companies are supporting the idea

Anthropology, Development and Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Anthropology, Development and Tourism - Essay Example Aside from t counurce of foreign exchange, since the hoincome. tourism it is ia ma0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000providing considerable employment opportunities in sectors like the hotel industry, the transport sector and wildlife, tourism helps a country increase its foreign exchange reserves. Over the last 25 years, developing countries have increased their portion of the world’s tourism market by more than 20%. Tourism arrivals to destinations in developing countries made up 46% of the total global arrivals in 2011. In 20 of the 48 least developed states in the world, tourism is either the first or the second export earnings source. In terms of the contribution of tourism to the economies of developing countries, more than 25% of the GDP comes from tourism. This statistic mostly applies to the small island countries (BBC, n.d., n.p.). This paper shall discuss the reasons why most developing countries have chosen to engage tourism as an economic tool for development. Further, it shall expose the challenges that developing countries undergo in choosing tourism as an option for development, and the opportunities presented to developing countries in their quest to use tourism for development. The tourism sector may be the sole service sector that offers quantified and concrete trading opportunities (BMZ, n.d., n.p.). This sector is of immense benefits to any country, regardless of the country’s development levels. For developing countries, tourism is among the most fundamental pillars in their process of development because it has been marked as a dominant activity with the potential to spur economic growth. In some countries, tourism is the sole source of employment and foreign currency, therefore forming a concrete platform for development of the economy 90 (U.S.I.P, n.d., n.p.). The reasons for increased investment in the tourism sector by developing countries are as follows: The tourism sector

The proposal argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The proposal argument - Essay Example The age of 18 earns one the badge of adulthood that makes him or her subject to trials in adult courts for any violation or crime committed, if any. Furthermore, several statistical data from NHTSA show the many inconsistencies regarding the supposed link of alcohol consumption to vehicular accidents and fatalities due to drunk driving. There are nations with more leniency in alcohol consumption that do not have the same vehicular accident concerns as the U.S. Unless the risks of alcohol consumption are lessened by maintaining the legal age for alcohol consumption at 21, the legal age for drinking alcohol should be lowered to 18. While there are many people and organizations who oppose the current MLDA, its advocates maintain that lowering the legal age for alcohol consumption would bring more risks than benefits. For one, it is said that consuming alcohol at an earlier age increases the possibilities of alcoholism in adulthood. Some say that brain development continues until age 20, and consuming alcohol prior to full brain growth can inhibit some of the brain’s development and potential. ... HTSA) statistics on â€Å"Alcohol Impaired Driving,† the decrease in the fatalities due to drunk driving did not decrease in accordance with the MLDA (NHTSA â€Å"Alcohol Impaired Driving† & Voas, Tippetts, and Fell 581). Furthermore, the MLDA proves to be counterproductive and hinders the more effective strategy of teaching responsible consumption of alcohol (Gulliver and Begg 774). It is a fact that cannot be denied that almost all of the political-, social-, personal-, and business-related activities can be done at 18 years of age (Ferreira and Willoughby 15). Everyone knows that a person aged 18 can, and is allowed to vote for the leaders of the land. It is ridiculous that a person can be trusted to choose the political leaders for his or her country yet be untrusted in terms of alcohol consumption. Everyone knows too that getting married at 18 is legal. It is ridiculous that a person can be trusted to be another person’s life partner yet be untrusted in term s of alcoholic drinks. Voting and marriage are both greater and heavier responsibilities when compared to alcohol consumption. Another interesting fact here is the legality of being a foster parent at 18. A person who is 18 years is deemed adult enough to be entrusted with the care and well-being of a minor, yet is deemed too young to drink alcohol. These adults are even allowed to enter into legally binding contracts at 18. Furthermore, it seems awkward and illogical to prohibit newly married 20-year old couples from sipping champagne at their own weddings. 18 earns an individual the rights and privileges of adults, including the fact that the adult will be subject to trials in adult courts for any violation or crime committed, if any (Subbaraman and Kerr 293). When one is considered a minor, the individual is

Molar Volume of a Gas Essay Example for Free

Molar Volume of a Gas Essay Introduction: In this lab I am going to find out the volume of one mole of hydrogen gas at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The room pressure only slightly differs from the standard, but can be taken into consideration when calculating the results. The molar volume is 22.41 liters per mole at STP (Standard pressure), in other words, at zero degrees centigrade. Figure 3.1 (the experiment set up) Procedure: 1. Set up all equipment. 2. Cut a piece of Magnesium ribbon about 20cm in length. 3. Calculate the weight of the ribbon from the weight of a 1 m long ribbon. 4. Measure 1.0 M Hydrochloric acid to a volume of 25-30ml. 5. Pour the HCl to the reaction flask. 6. Add the Mg ribbon to the reaction flask and secure the mouth of the flask as fast as possible with a hose. Make sure that the hydrogen gas cannot escape from the flask. 7. Follow the temperature 8. Collect the gas until no further reaction is observed in the reaction flask. 9. Carefully remove the gas collection flask so that no gas escapes from the flask. 10. Light the gas. 11. Determine the volume of the gas. 12. Calculate the molar volume of H2 gas at room temperature. a) theoretical value from Vm =22.44 l/mol at STP. b) experimental value from your data. Equipment: * 2 flasks (volume at least 600ml) * large container (volume at least 3,5 l) * Magnesium ribbon * 30ml of Hydrochloric acid * thermometer * a hose (to cover the reaction flask) Observations: * Magnesium ribbon was a little oxidized for it had lost some of its shine. * When the collection flask was turned around and placed in the water filled container, there were tiny air bubbles on the inside walls of the flask. * When Magnesium ribbon was added, it began to corrose in the HCl * Instantly after adding the Mg ribbon to the hydrochloric acid, temperature in the reaction flask started to rise as a chemical reaction took place in the flask. * Moisture and (fog) blocked the view of the reaction * Immediately after adding the Mg ribbon, hydrogen bubbled to the collection flask * Hydrogen bubbled to the flask for about a minute,stopping soon after the ribbon had corrosed in to the HCl. * There was a hissing sound as the chemical reaction occurred in the reaction flask and the gas flowed to collection flask through a pipe. * The temperature in flask A rose quickly by a few degrees celsius and then stayed nearly constant for the 15 minutes the temperature was measured. * The temperature did not change in flask B;however, it cannot be stated for sure as it was only compared with the temperature of flask A. * The temperature in flask A rose very quickly as the reaction started * The amount of hydrogen produced from the reaction was large for large bubbles of gas rose to beaker B within few seconds after starting the experiment * The volume of the reaction flask was not measured, but it is close to the volume of the other flask (629ml) * After the reaction, when lighting the hydrogen gas, collection beaker made a popping sound but the reaction flask actually burned and formed a thin flame. * The flame from the reaction flask gave out a lot of heat, which was not noticed when lighting the gas in the collection flask. Theoretical = 22.5 l/mol Vm= 22.41 0.36 % error The molar volume was 0.36% too large. The error can come from water vapour in the collection flask 10cm water below the glass air in the collection flask temperature rise in the reaction flask water vapour in the reaction flask Evaluation: This experiment had many error-causing factors, which probably influenced the results. Overall, the calculations showed that very little error (0.36% error) which made me a little skeptical about the results. Such a small error percentage was not expected. To point out a few mistakes, I did not measure the difference in height of the water level from the surface of the water-filled container. This would have allowed further investigation about the volume of hydrogen in the flask. Also, the exact volume of the reaction flask was not measured. It was only stated by eye that the flasks looked to be the same size. Other than that, the experiment was performed well. It was made sure that none or very little air was left in the collection flask when turning it around and placing it in the water filled container. There were a few tiny air bubbles on the walls; however, the air in the reaction flask was more likely to influence the result. Having a lab partner helped with managing time, for one was able to follow the temperature while the other checked the time. We made sure that we had read the instructions carefully and thought twice before deciding what methods to use when, for example, turning the flask upside down in the water. Conclusion: In conclusion, the experiment turned out some successful results. When magnesium reacted with the hydrochloric acid, hydrogen was released into the flask from where it flowed through a pipe to the collection flask. The molar volume of H2 gas at room temperature is 22.79 l/mol, which is also the rate for the hydrogen gas in the collection flask. The amount of H2 gas in the flask is impossible to calculate for the amount of water vapour and air was measured when performing the experiment. The experimental value turned out unexpectably very small. 0.36% error in the experiment seems very small, unless there has been some unnoticed mistakes that have influenced the experimental value. The theoretical value is 22.5 l/mol. Temperature changes during the experiment turned out some interesting results, for the temperature seems to start falling soon after the chemical reaction has ended, yet it begins to rise a little after a few minutes and stays constant for a long time before starting to fall (figure 3.2). From the information gained during this experiment, it is difficult to state why this happened; therefore, some extra research should take place if performing the experiment again. Improved investigation: For further investigation, temperature should be measured for longer than 15 minutes in order to find out the rate the temperature is going to fall in a closed flask. The distance between water surface in the container and the surface in the flask should also be measured. For more accurate results, factors such as air and water vapour in the flask should be taken into consideration when calculating the final values. Advisable would be to do some research on why the temperature changed the way it did in this experiment.

Types Of Tree Diagrams

Types Of Tree Diagrams Total quality management is the philosophy of management for continuous improvement in term of quality in the process and the products. To implement the total quality management, it have several tool that can be used by the person who want to implement the total quality management. One of the tool is tree diagram. The definition of tree diagram is the graphical or diagram tool that systematically break down, and then mapped in detail in growing, all components or elements of the situation, phenomenon, process, or condition at the stage of succession. It also used when to make the calculations of probabilities and to make the decision. By using tree diagram also, the description of the problem can be seen in more clearly. Tree diagram know as systematic diagram, analytical tree, hierarchy diagram and tree analysis. It called systematic diagram because of the systematically map all the details related to a problem or project. That way it helps to achieve the ultimate goal and every goal related sub-issues under study. This is also called Dendrogram as the word dendro in Greek mean tree. The tree diagram starts with a node or item is divided into two or more branches, then each branch will be divide into two or more. With the branches of the tree it will look like a tree. Thats why its called a tree diagram. It is used to break down the big categories or problem into the smaller categories/problem with a more detailed level. By making a tree diagram, it helps us to think thoughts of a move to a move from general to more specific. Type of tree diagram Tree diagram have several different types. The types are : Cause and effect tree diagram Y to x tree diagram Functional tree diagram Abstraction tree diagram Each of the tree diagram has a core and strength which can be surprisingly challenging to capture when a project team tried to build one or more of them. Diagrams have enough similarities in the required data and building process that the team can tangle them up a little potentially dulling results. The table below outlines each type of tree diagram, providing information which helps differentiate the trees by style and function. Cause-and-Effect Tree Diagram Y-to-x Tree Diagram Functional Tree Diagram Abstraction Tree Diagram Application Uncover root causes that are actionable to change the problematic effect. Identify and classify factors (independent variables) that may drive an important results variable. Identifiy general and specific functionality that operates inconcert in a product or process. The tree structure helps check for completeness and reports the analysis in ways that can hide or expose details appropriate to different audiences. Distill fragments of data to find messages and themes that are not evident in raw data by itself. Tree powerfully and succinctly reports the insights derived by the team constructing it. Starting Point A documented effect A results measure (dependent variable) One or more functions delivered by a product or process Facts that answer a theme question Construction Top Down: Starting with the effect, asking why in a nested and branching pattern to surface fundamental causes. Top Down: Asking the question, What factors may drive changes in the measure at the current node? From Top, Middle or Bottom: Organizing a group of connected functions from the general view to the detailed view. Bottom Up: Understanding and grouping factual answers to a theme question using rules of abstraction. Discovering and reporting themes that may have been evident in raw data. Node Wording Describes factual situations without ambiguity Describes factors (variables) that can change value Uses positive, active verbs to describe the nodes functionality Uses factual report language, free of judgment, emotion or inference Cause-and-Effect Tree Diagrams Cause and effect diagram is easy and effective. But sometimes when we have a lot of causes, when a deeper analysis is required for each source individually, the best way to manage by making as tree diagram. Figure 3: Another Pitfall Branches That Do Not Answer the Why Example of Cause and Effect Tree Diagram Y-to-x Tree Diagram A Y-to-x tree diagram starts with an important decision step (Y) and ask the question, What are the factors drive this Y? Although it is not really different from the question of cause and effect, the thrust and content of this tree diagram wants to be distinctly different. Each node in the tree diagram must describe steps or factors that can take different valuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹. Factors that could describe the steps that is diversified in continuous (such as time and capacity) for category (such as small, medium and large) but they all have to explain the steps. Although the spirit of inquiry is the same in each of these cases, by raising questions about the driving factors, the Y-to-x tree diagram interpreting to different languages à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹in the node label, and it led to a different types of a lower level outcome or results, with x identified. Each node should define steps that factors which can take different values Figure 5: Section of Y-to-x Flowdown Tree for a Medical Device Example of Y-to-x tree diagram Functional Tree Diagrams It can be used to develop administrative functions. In this tree diagram type, it can be split as follows :- Target circumstances to work in every department Describe the purpose of the work. This will bring on the findings a new approach for work, facilitating the improvement and ultimately achieve departmental objectives. This will help to improve administrative structure of itself. Functional tree diagram also used as an engineering method dates back, with verbs are always be used to accurately describe the function. More recently, object-oriented mindset has developed use cases that extend the use of (still focused on verb) to the software and business systems. Example of Functional Tree Diagram A functional tree diagram it is easier to read and study if every node label focusing on the positive, active verb (such as measured, gathering or read). If a team slipped into the label describing the steps or where or how the function occurs, leaders need to pull the team back to the easier verb discipline. Abstraction Tree Diagrams (KJ or Affinity) A KJ (language of processing tool named after its creator, namely Jiro Kawakita) or properly performed affinity diagram to organize the facts in a hierarchy like a tree. Unique among other trees tools that are considered here because they are built from the bottom to the top, abstraction rules apply KJ discover and articulate key messages on the tree diagram. Some of the concepts or themes that may distill meaning is not immediately obvious when looking at the facts much lower. Figure 8: Section of KJ Diagram (Abstraction Tree) Example Abstraction Tree Diagram . When to Use a Tree Diagram When assigned tasks instead of tasks we always do and requires a thorough understanding of or attention and careful planning before we do. When problems or things to be resolved is in a large scope and we need to solve in detail and in-depth such as in producing a new product or concept to achieve the aims and objectives. When developing the solution or an action to conduct other plans. When reviewing and related analysis process in-depth and detail. When want to find the causes and the solution to a problem or error. When assessing or examining issues related to the Implementation of some or all of which maybe can be the solution to the problem. After the affinity diagram or relationship diagram has been successful in identifying significant issues or cause problems. As a tool to be used during the presentation in detail and depth to others. Tree Diagram Procedure Make or create goals, vision or planning projects or whatever is being studied or research. List and write at the top of the list and write (for vertical tree diagram) or far off of the work surface (for horizontal tree diagram). Ask a question that will lead you to the next level of detail. For example: For a goal, action plan or work breakdown structure: What tasks must be done to accomplish this? or How can this be accomplished? For root-cause analysis: What causes this? or Why does this happen? For gozinto chart: What are the components? (Gozinto literally comes from the phrase What goes into it? Brainstorm all possible answers. If an affinity diagram or relationship diagram has been done previously, ideas may be taken from there. Write each idea in a line below (for a vertical tree) or to the right of (for a horizontal tree) the first statement. Show links between the tiers with arrows. Do a necessary and sufficient check. Are all the items at this level necessary for the one on the level above? If all the items at this level were present or accomplished, would they be sufficient for the one on the level above? Each of the new idea statements now becomes the subject: a goal, objective or problem statement. For each one, ask the question again to uncover the next level of detail. Create another tier of statements and show the relationships to the previous tier of ideas with arrows. Do a necessary and sufficient check for each set of items. Continue to turn each new idea into a subject statement and ask the question. Do not stop until you reach fundamental elements: specific actions that can be carried out, components that are not divisible, root causes. Do a necessary and sufficient check of the entire diagram. Are all the items necessary for the objective? If all the items were present or accomplished, would they be sufficient for the objective? Tree Diagram Example The Pearl River, NY School District, a 2001 recipient of the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award, uses a tree diagram to communicate how district-wide goals are translated into sub-goals and individual projects. They call this connected approach The Golden Thread. The district has three fundamental goals. The first, to improve academic performance, is partly shown in the figure below. District leaders have identified two strategic objectives that, when accomplished, will lead to improved academic performance: academic achievement and college admissions. Tree Diagram Example Tree Diagram Example Lag indicators are long-term and results-oriented. The lag indicator for academic achievement is Regents diploma rate: the percent of students receiving a state diploma by passing eight Regents exams. Lead indicators are short-term and process-oriented. Starting in 2000, the lead indicator for the Regents diploma rate was performance on new fourth and eighth grade state tests. Finally, annual projects are defined, based on cause-and-effect analysis, that will improve performance. In 2000-2001, four projects were accomplished to improve academic achievement. Thus this tree diagram is an interlocking series of goals and indicators, tracing the causes of systemwide academic performance first through high school diploma rates, then through lower grade performance, and back to specific improvement projects. Excerpted from Nancy R. Tagues The Quality Toolbox, Second Edition, ASQ Quality Press, 2004, pages 501-504. A tree diagram is an illustration which generally displays all possible outcomes from one root event or how all of its components are related to one another. When thinking in terms of genealogy, a tree diagram would ideally start with one couple, then branch to their children, then on to their grandchildren and so on. In terms of science or mathematics, these diagrams show all possible results which may stem from one compound or event. Even in subjects like history or English, a tree diagram may be used to show how events or ideas connect to one another. Using a tree diagram in subjects like history may display events and related outcomes in a way in which students understand and remember easier. It is said that 60 percent of the population are visual learners, so diagrams such as these may not only help the individual students, but also aid in overall classroom performance. Other subjects like science and math may use this type of diagram for much the same reason, but diagrams in these subjects tend to show possibilities as well as relationships. The tree diagram may be used in many industries as well. Companies might create a decision diagram to explore the likely benefits and disadvantages of financial ventures before taking any risk. They can outline future paths to reach certain goals easily as well. Medical professionals sometimes create a tree diagram to explain a certain groups risk of disease based on lifestyles, genetics, and other factors. Genetic engineers can even use these diagrams to predict the outcomes of different couplings within the plant, animal, and even human kingdoms. There are even software programs available which create tree diagrams for different purposes. The user may put in a stem occurrence and the number of results he or she wants the program to return. Then the program can quickly analyze the potentialities and build a tree diagram from them. Some programs can even calculate and display the likelihood of each result, such as whether its more likely a couple will have a blue-eyed child or a brown-eyed one. A tree diagram shows how the elements in it are related or how one action or event might end. They are considered a safe way to assess risk and may even be used as a teaching tool. They are most effective when used as a general guideline, as they generally cannot allow for unforeseen variables.

Premature Failure Of Road Network

Premature Failure Of Road Network Bahria town ltd started its development works in 1996 as a joint partner with Bahria foundation initially British Columbia were the consultants on the project. The extraordinary progress rate and high quality consultancy work of British Columbia (pvt) ltd was thought to be a big hurdle in the progress rate, eventually the agreement with the consultants terminated and Bahria Town (pvt) Ltd formed its own consultant wing. Unfortunately the consultancy wing failed to develop because of incompetent individuals who can really invest their heart and souls to address core issues .Site management and technical / top supervision issues were ignored .Today Bahria Town is facing problem of premature failure in its road network. Most of the road network has not been under projected traffic for which it has been designed; even then road failures are prominent .Most common failures depictive are settlement of road, flexural cracking, weathering of the road network. The mechanism of road failure is quite complex and it is tedious to identify the root cause of failure. The approach adopted was to analyze road network truly depictive of premature pavement failures, the representative sections were selected from the road network under study .Various field and laboratory test were performed on each section to determine the cause of premature pavement failures. The investigation revealed that mix produced from asphalt plant fails to meet specifications. The compaction of HMA and subsequent road layers is not adequate. The source gradation for aggregate base is improper .The Plasticity of fines is not in tolerance range. Pavement structural design depths were not executed on site besides poor workmanship and improper patching procedures. Keywords: Premature Failure, Flexural Cracking, Weathering, Source gradation. Undertaking I certify that research work titled To investigate the causes of Premature Failure of Road Network of Bahria Town to propose its Remedial Measuresis my own work. The work has not been presented elsewhere for assessment. Where material has been used from other sources it has been properly acknowledged/ referred. Tehseen Ellahi 2k9-MSc-Trans-05 Acknowledgements This research work is obviously a result of the initial encouragement and support in admission to the MS Transportation (Taxila) by Ehsan ul Haq, the Director General Planning and Design, Bahria Town (pvt) Ltd. Extraordinary help and support form Rana Zulfikar Ahmed Khan , Site Manager Bahria Town (pvt) Ltd.Continuous encouragement, and valuable input from Dr. M. A. Kamal, Director Taxila Institute of Transportation Engineering (TITE) and Dean, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology (UET) Taxila. There guidance, comments and suggestions from time to time, are gratefully acknowledged. 1.2.2 Rigid Pavements In rigid pavements the stress is transmitted to the sub-grade through beam/slab effect. Rigid pavements contain sufficient beam strength to be able to bridge over the localized sub-grade failures and areas of inadequate support. Factors effecting Pavement Performance There are numerous factors influencing the performance of a pavement, the following five are considered the most influential (Transportation research board, England; April 1985) 1.3.1 Traffic Traffic is the most important factor affecting pavement performance. The performance of pavements is mostly affected by the loading scale, arrangement and the number of load repetitions. The damage caused per pass to a pavement by an axle is defined relative to the damage per pass of a standard axle load, which is defined as a 80 kN single axle load (E80). Thus a pavement is designed to withstand a certain number of standard axle load repetitions that will result in a certain terminal condition of deterioration.(Kamal M.A. et al., 2009) 1.3.2 Moisture Moisture significantly reduces the supporting ability of gravel materials, especially the sub grade. Moisture enters the pavement structure through capillary action. The resulting action is the wet surface of particles, excessive movement of particles and dislodgment which ultimately results in pavement failures. (Terrel 1990) 1.3.3 Sub grade The sub grade is the lower layer of soil that supports the wheel loads. If the sub grade is not strong enough the pavement will show flexibility and finally the pavement will fail. Pavement will fail to perform ideally if the variation in particles behavior is not catered for in the design. 1.3.4 Construction quality Pavement performance is affected by poor quality construction, inaccurate pavement thicknesses, and adverse moisture conditions. These conditions stress the need for skilled staff and the importance of good inspection and quality control procedures during construction. Pavement performance is dependent on where, when and how maintenance is applied. No matter how good the pavement is built, it will deteriorate with time based upon the mentioned factors. The timing of maintenance is very important, if a pavement is allowed to deteriorate to a very poor condition, as illustrated by point B, then the added life compared with point A, is typically about 2 to 3 years. This added life is about 10 percent of the total life. The cost of repairing the road at B is four times of the cost required at A. The delay of maintenance hold implications, in that for the cost of repairing one poorly weathered road (Point B), four roads at point A would have to be postponed, which would mean that in a few years the rehabilitation cost could be 16 times as much. Thus, differing maintenance because of budget constraints will result in a significant financial penalty within a few years.(www.nra.co.za/live/content.php) History Bahria town is a modern township planned on an inspiration drawn from the home of American Society of civil engineers i.e the city of Reston, Virginia. The designing of its town ship is based on the most modern and strict criterion. It is located between the GT road and Islamabad Bahria town borders Safari Park on the northern side and is bounded to the south and west by Soan river and the Korang respectively. Town planning for Bahria Town has been done taking full advantage of the layout of the natural ground. Roads have been designed according to the traffic intensity rush hours. They have been standardized as 30, 40, 50, 60, 80 and Main Boulevards with the configuration of Pavement sidewalks and green areas.(www.bahriatown.com/index.php) Problem Statement Bahria Town (pvt) Ltd development represents a unique mark of distinction for Pakistan. Over a period of decade Bahria Town has emerged as Asias largest private property developers. The dilemma is that the capital involved is huge and to meet market demands common Engineering practices quality assurances are being ignored on account of time savings. One of the major problem , that Bahria Town that face today is related to premature failure of road network. Objectives The main objective of the study was to highlight the causes of pavement failures and to propose the remedial measures. Methodology Reconnaissance survey in study area to identify problems. Selection of test sections based upon road classification and distresses for deep testing analysis. Extraction of samples from the test sections for various laboratory testing. Comparison of various parameters between damaged and undamaged portions of test sections. Recommendations on the basis of investigation. Chapter 3 Chapter 3 Introduction to Study Area Pavement Evaluation Process Pavement evaluation is the first step in the development of pavement rehabilitation alternatives for the project .It is the process of learning the existing pavement system to understand the extent and the cause of problems prior to developing a rehabilitation plan.(www.pavementinteractive.org) Evaluation at Road Network Level Monitoring of the network is carried out at on a network level to define the status of an entire pavement network as part of the pavement management system .To achieve the said objective the road network of Bahria Town was divided in different zones .Preliminary reconnaissance survey was carried out to access the pavement condition of road network .The object was to confine the study and help prioritize and select the evaluation at the project levels. The road network under study is Safari valley. (Design report on Bahria Town, ESS.I.AAR Consultants) The justification behind selecting this study zone is that this zone is fully developed and in the possession of the residents therefore it is more realistic to study the road network performance of this zone. History The idea of Safari Valley was conceptualized in 2000 confirming to planning parameters of the cities of Ruston, Virginia, USA. Ruston being the American society of civil engineers has been planned in the most beautiful manner, the next year Safari Valley lunched another housing project. One of the aims of lunching this scheme was to provide a modern housing scheme with all the amenities for the general public at an affordable cost. Any middle class person desirous of buying a plot in Islamabad/Rawalpindi could not do so as the price in Islamabad/Rawalpindi is beyond the reach of the common man.. This scheme is planned and designed for the low-income people of the country to provide them affordable housing.(www.bahriatown.com/index.php) Location The Safari Valley is located in Southern part of Rawalpindi City, adjacent to Takht Pari forest on Japan Road. This site falls in Mauza Gali. The main access to this scheme is through Japan Road from G.T. Road, 3 Km from High Court towards Lahore.120 wide newly constructed Bahria Expressway along River Soan is another access to this project which is completed a year ago.(www.bahriatown.com/index.php) Untitled Figure 3: Study area Location in road network Road Network The proposed colony has been planned according to the contemporary principles of planning and design criteria of Tehsil Municipal Administration (TMA) for private housing schemes. Following three types of roads has been proposed. Primary Roads 120 Feet wide 80 Feet wide Collector Roads 65 Feet wide Streets 40 Feet wide The safari valley has 37.880 km of 40 wide roads, 6.083km of 65 wide roads, 1.23 km of 80 wide roads and 4.0 km of 120 wide roads. General Considerations It is desired by the consultant to provide the sub grade strength of the area in general for the construction of the internal roads. The purpose of the structural design is to limit the stresses induced in the sub grade by the traffic to a safe level at which the sub grade deformation is insignificant whilst at the same time ensuring that the road pavement layers themselves do not fail in any way within a specified period of time .In most design methods it is assumed that the routine and periodic maintenance is carried out during the design period of the road and that at the end of the design period , relatively low level of detoriation has occurred.(Structural design of Pavement at Safari valley, SS Soil explore Consultants) For the design of the flexible pavement the following factors should be kept in mind for guidance Economic Considerations Effect of climate Variability in the material Properties Construction Control Uncertainty in traffic forecasting Variability in material properties and construction control is generally much greater than desired by the engineer and must be taken into account explicitly in the design process. In practice only it is actually the variability of the sub grade strength that is considered and all other factors are controlled by setting out minimum acceptable values for the key properties by means of the specifications. Nevertheless, it is the task of the designer to estimate the likely variations in layer thickness and material strengths so that the realistic target values and tolerances can be set in the specifications to ensure the satisfactory road performances can be guaranteed as far as possible. Design basis The purpose of the structural design is to limit the stresses induced in the sub grade by the traffic. Estimating the amount of traffic and the cumulative number of equivalent standard axles that will use the road over the selected design life assessing the strength of the sub grade soil over which the road is built by selecting the most economical combination of the pavement materials and layer thickness that will provide the satisfactory service over the design life of the pavement when appropriate maintenance is carried out. In following paragraphs the component layers of a flexible pavement are referred in these terms: Surfacing This is the upper most layer of the pavement and will normally consist of bituminous surface dressing or a premixed bituminous material .When premixed materials are laid in two layers these are known as wearing course and base course (or binder course) Road Base This is the main load spreading layer of the pavement .It will normally consist of crushed stone or gravel ,or a gravelly soil ,decomposed rocks, sand and sandy clays stabilized with cement ,lime or bitumen. Sub Base This is the secondary load spreading layer underlying the road base .It will normally consist of material of lower quality than that used in the road base such as un processed natural gravels ,gravel-sand or gravel-sand-clay. This layer also serves as a spreading layer preventing contamination of the road base by the sub grade material Capping Layer Where very weak soils are encountered capping layer is sometimes necessary. This may consist of better quality sub grade material imported from elsewhere or existing sub grade material improved by mechanical and lime stabilization. Sub Grade This is the upper layer of the natural soil, which may be undisturbed local materials or may be soil excavated elsewhere and placed as fill. In either case it is compacted during the construction to give it adequate stability. Traffic In the present case no definite traffic pattern can be estimated as the construction period extends to a longer span .During the construction stage, the maximum traffic even over loaded trucks carrying mostly the construction material would apply. After the construction phase .the internal roads of the proposed project are subjected only to the light car traffic, which have very little destructive effect. The Sub grade Condition Following is the recommendations for the structural design of the bituminous surfaced roads for the proposed project. The existing sub grade at the site comprises of A 4 soil with PI range of 5 to 8.Determining the sub grade strength is necessary for the road construction and required by the design engineer for the internal light traffic roads, which are required to carry up to (assumed traffic) 0.5 million cumulative equivalent standard axles in one direction for the design life of 10 Years. Field investigation and Sampling All the field tests necessary for the design of the flexible pavements have been carried out .Test pit locations were selected so that overall picture of the sub surface can be examined .To do this samples from the different locations collected for the classification and California bearing ratio (CBR) .Following field and laboratory tests have been carried out in the detail Field density and moisture content Gradation analysis Sieve analysis Hydrometric analysis Hydrometric analysis AASHTO Soil Classification Laboratory compaction test Laboratory CBR on soaked conditions Appreciation of the sub grade condition The strength of the sub grade is commonly assessed in the form of California bearing ratio of the sub grade soil and is dependent on the type of the soil, its density and its moisture content The likely in situ strength of the sub grade is difficult to assess directly but its value can be obtained from the relationship between CBR, density and moisture content which must be measured in the laboratory for the soil in question, and form the knowledge of in situ density and equilibrium moisture content of the soil under the road. The density of the sub grade soil can be controlled under the road within limits by compaction at suitable moisture content at the time of the construction. The equilibrium moisture content of the sub grade soil is governed by the local climate and the depth of the water table below the road surfaces. For designing the thickness of the road pavement, the strength of the sub grade should be taken as that of the sub grade soil at the moisture content equal to the wettest moisture condition likely to occur in the sub grade after the road is opened to traffic. In the present case, field as well as the laboratory testing of different locations was carried out for gradation index and strength parameters and soaked CBR etc. The result of these tests are attached at the end of the report The CBR test shows the value of 3.5% having the representative design value of 90% and 95% modified by the AASHTO density .CBR value is considered to be unsatisfactory for the design of the flexible pavement .Therefore it is strongly recommended to provide capping layer over the existing sub grade soil to provide structural support and improve drainage conditions at the site. The thickness comes out to be 8 inches. Design Recommendations The pavement design of the internal roads of safari valley was calculated using the AASHTO Interim guide .Details of which are below: Method # 01 Out of the different methods available for calculating the road design, which cater for the repetition of the standard axle loads during the design life of the various traffic configurations expected on the road .This method caters for the site conditions and type of traffic likely to use the roads after the construction. The pavement design has been worked out as per Overseas Road Note No 31 (Transport and road research Laboratory, TRRL; Road note 31) The Local soil is moderately plastic for which average soaked CBR value was calculated to be 3.5 % and the same has been incorporated in the design calculations .In case of borrow /selected fill material is to be used for the making of the roads .The Laboratory CBR for that soil should not be less than 3.5 % against 96 hrs soaking. Method # 02 The pavement design of the internal roads of different categories is calculated using the simplified method as given in civil engineering handbook by Leonard Church Urquhart of which is given below. Design Procedure Using the graph (annexure A) against the clayey silt conforming to A-4 Soil and CBR of 3.5 % the total thickness of pavement above sub base is 15 inches. Keeping a minimum thickness of 8 inches for the base course and the wearing surface the sub base is required to be 7 inches. Since method 1 gave higher values method 1 was adopted. Flexible Pavement Distresses Roads have become important in our lives as a sole mean of communication. Modern roads are smooth, so people can travel easily from one place to another. Maintenance of road network is very important to ensure its continued efficiency and reliability. Normally roads are damaged due to environment affects, vehicular loadings and moisture.(Asphalt Institute , MS 16) Asphalt pavement distresses can generally be classified as one of the following type: Cracking Distortion Disintegration Skid hazard Surface treatment distresses Distresses caused can be related to: Wheel loads Environment Poor drainage Material deficiencies Construction related deficiencies External causes(Utilities) Cracking Cracking takes many forms .To make proper repairs, it is first necessary to determine the cause of cracking .Maintenance procedures generally depend upon the cause of distress, the crack width and the amount of cracking in the affected area. Reflective cracks These are cracks in asphalt overlays that reflect the crack pattern in the pavement structure underneath. The pattern may be longitudinal, transverse, diagonal or block. Reflective cracks are caused by vertical and horizontal movements in the pavement beneath the overlay, induced by expansion and contraction with temperature or moisture changes. They can also be caused by traffic or earth movement or by loss of moisture in sub grade by high clay content. Edge cracks These are longitudinal cracks 30 cm or so .They are caused due to lack of lateral support, settlement or yielding of the material beneath the cracked area .This may be the result of poor drainage ,frost heave or shrinkage from drying of the adjoining earth. They may be accelerated by concentration of heavy traffic near the edge of the pavement as well as heavy vegetation near the pavement edge. Block Cracking They are series of interconnected cracks forming the series of large blocks, 1 to 3 m. Frequently they are caused by volume change of the fine aggregate asphalt mix that have a high content of low penetration asphalt and adsorptive aggregate ,daily temperature cycles and aged asphalt. Block cracking is not load related. Alligator Cracking They are cracks that constitute to form series of blocks .They can be caused by various reasons such as excess deflection, sub surface moisture conditions, thin asphalt surface, excessive overloading, in adequate pavement design. If the asphalt surface is thin alligator cracking can quickly develop into potholing. Slippage Crack They are crescent shaped cracks resulting from the horizontal forces induced by the traffic. They result from the lack of bond between the surface layer and the courses beneath. The lack of bond may be due to dust, oil, rubber, dirt water or other non adhesive materials between the two courses. The Slippage cracks may result from the mixtures having a high sand content, as well as due to improper compaction. Linear Cracking This category includes categories such as joint cracks, construction joints, shoulder joint cracks and diagonal cracks. Transverse and diagonal cracks can result from low temperature contraction of the pavement or from the shrinkage of the cement bound base or sub grade soils .Longitudinal cracks in the wheel path may be fatigue related and eventually progress into alligator and a random occurring Longitudinal crack can be indicative of the sideways yielding sub grade or fill area. The cause of joint cracks (thermal and longitudinal) can be related to the thermal stresses or insufficient compaction. They can also be caused by a weak bond in the joint. Distortion Pavement distortion is the result of asphalt layer instability or granular base and sub base weakness. Distortion takes a number of forms: rutting, shoving, corrugation, depression and up heave. Rutting Ruts are channelized depressions in the wheel tracks of the pavement surface. Rutting results from consolidation, lateral movement of the sub grade, aggregate base or asphalt layers under traffic load. Rutting may occur in the sub grade and sub base due to insufficient design thickness, lack of compaction or weakness caused by moisture infiltration, down ward and lateral movement of the weak asphalt mixture under heavy wheel loads. Corrugations and shoving Corrugations and shoving are form of plastic movement typified by ripples across the asphalt pavement surface. They occur in the asphalt mixes that lack mix stability. It may also be caused due to excessive moisture in the granular base, contamination due to oil spillage or lack of aeration when placing mixes using emulsified and cut back asphalts. Settlement or grade depression Depressions are low areas of limited size that may be accompanied by cracking. They may be caused by traffic over loading or by consolidation, settlement or failure of the lower pavement layers. Up heave or swell Up heave is the localized upward displacement of the pavement due to the swelling of the sub grade. Up heave is most commonly caused by the expansion of ice in the lower courses of the pavement or sub grade. It may also be caused by the swelling effect of the moisture on the expansive soil. Utility cut or patch failure This is the failure of the utility installation or of a repaired area in the existing pavement. They usually are caused by lack of adequate compaction of the back fill, base or asphalt patch materials. Patch failures may also result from poor installation techniques, inferior materials or failure of the surrounding materials or under lying pavement. Disintegration Disintegration is the breaking up of the pavement into small, loose fragments. If the problem is not addressed the pavement disintegrates further until rehabilitation is required. Raveling/Weathering This is the progressive separation of the aggregate particles from the pavement surface downwards and from the surface inwards. Raveling usually occurs in wheel paths while weathering is found in non traffic zones and it extends over all surface. Raveling is caused by lack of HMA compaction, construction of thin lift during the cold weather, dirty or disintegrating aggregates, too little asphalt in the mix or over heating of the asphalt mix. Raveling almost always requires the presence of both water and traffic to occur. Potholes Potholes are bowl shaped holes resulting from the localized disintegration. Most potholes occur in the pavements having thin asphalt concrete surface on an untreated aggregate base. Thin surfaces showing severe alligator cracking begin to lose the pieces of the asphalt out of the cracked area creating potholes. Skid Hazards One of the most common cause of the skid hazards in the asphalt pavement is a thin film of water on the pavement surface another is the thick film of water on the pavement surface that causes a high speed vehicle to hydro plane. Slipperiness may also develop from the surface contamination such as from oil spillage or certain type of clay etc. Bleeding or flushing Bleeding or flushing is the upward movement in the asphalt pavement. This results in the formation of film of asphalt on the surface. Bleeding is identified by the pavement surface with a stick, glassy appearance that may be sticky to touch and usually occurs in hot weather .The most common cause of bleeding is excess asphalt in one or more of the pavement courses .Also traffic may cause the over compaction of the asphalt layers, forcing the binder to the surface. Polished aggregate These are the aggregate particles on the surface of the pavement that have been polished smooth. Some aggregates, particularly lime stone become polished rather quickly under traffic. Some type of gravel are naturally polished and if they are used in the pavement surface without crushing they will be a skid hazard. These polished aggregates are quite slippery when they are wet. Surface Treatment Distresses Because of the construction procedures being used, surface treatments may develop some defects that dont occur in other type of pavement surfaces. These include loss of aggregate cover and streaking. Some of the asphalt pavement distresses such as corrugations, depressions, up heave, potholes and raveling occur most frequently in the pavement constructed with surface treatments. Loss of cover aggregate This distress is identified by the whipping off of aggregate by traffic from a surface treated pavement. Several things can cause loss of aggregate cover including weather too cool, fast traffic permitted on the new surface treatment too soon, a surface absorbing part of the asphalt, aggregates that are too dusty or too dry etc. Longitudinal / Transverse Streaking Longitudinal streaking is alternate lean and heavy lines of asphalt and/or aggregate running parallel to the center line of the road .Transverse streaking is the same phenomenon except that the direction is running transverse across the road way. Several things can cause longitudinal streaking including: improper height of the spray bar, incorrect asphalt pump speed, asphalt too cold, incorrect pump pressure etc. Transverse cracking is caused by spurts in the asphalt spray from the distributor spray bar. These spurs may be produced by improper pump speed, pulsation of the asphalt pump etc.

The Impact of Dr. Kings Vision on My Life :: Personal Narrative Writing

The Impact of Dr. King's Vision on My Life In the summer of 1966, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. went to Chicago, Illinois, to further press his campaign of equal rights for all Americans. Dr. King led a march through Chicago and some of its neighboring suburbs to promote that ideal. To many, this march is best known for the negative treatment of the peaceful demonstrators in the more racially prejudiced suburbs of Chicago: Berwyn and Cicero. When the demonstrators reached those two suburbs, rocks and bottles were hurled at them by onlookers who did not agree with the peaceful beliefs of Dr. King and others participating in the march. However, Dr. King was prepared for this kind of reaction and made sure men stood at the front and back lines of the group; he also had men placed on the outside of each line as protection for the women and children marching. These men became known as Dr. King's lieutenants. My father was seventeen at the time of this march, and Dr. King used him as one of his lieutenants. Moreover, Dr. King met sepa rately with his lieutenants in groups of five to ten at a time; therefore, my father had the privilege of having a private meeting with one of the great leaders in history. He described his encounter with Dr. King as one of the best experiences in his entire life, and the only other person whose impact would have been as great is Jesus. My father feels that way because like Jesus, Dr. King was willing to die for his people. The meeting between Dr. King and my father has had a major impact on my life because Dr. King showed my father and several others peaceful means of obtaining their goals, and these teachings have reciprocated to me. Three key ideals that Dr. King exemplified in his meeting with my father were to show respect for women, to use peace and not violence, and to not give up in the face of adversity. The sheer fact that my father served as one of Dr. King's lieutenants proves that Dr. King stressed the importance of respect for women. He did not want women or children to be subjected to the dangers of hurling objects while they were marching. He felt that the men should stand on the outside to protect the women and children who marched. The Impact of Dr. King's Vision on My Life :: Personal Narrative Writing The Impact of Dr. King's Vision on My Life In the summer of 1966, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. went to Chicago, Illinois, to further press his campaign of equal rights for all Americans. Dr. King led a march through Chicago and some of its neighboring suburbs to promote that ideal. To many, this march is best known for the negative treatment of the peaceful demonstrators in the more racially prejudiced suburbs of Chicago: Berwyn and Cicero. When the demonstrators reached those two suburbs, rocks and bottles were hurled at them by onlookers who did not agree with the peaceful beliefs of Dr. King and others participating in the march. However, Dr. King was prepared for this kind of reaction and made sure men stood at the front and back lines of the group; he also had men placed on the outside of each line as protection for the women and children marching. These men became known as Dr. King's lieutenants. My father was seventeen at the time of this march, and Dr. King used him as one of his lieutenants. Moreover, Dr. King met sepa rately with his lieutenants in groups of five to ten at a time; therefore, my father had the privilege of having a private meeting with one of the great leaders in history. He described his encounter with Dr. King as one of the best experiences in his entire life, and the only other person whose impact would have been as great is Jesus. My father feels that way because like Jesus, Dr. King was willing to die for his people. The meeting between Dr. King and my father has had a major impact on my life because Dr. King showed my father and several others peaceful means of obtaining their goals, and these teachings have reciprocated to me. Three key ideals that Dr. King exemplified in his meeting with my father were to show respect for women, to use peace and not violence, and to not give up in the face of adversity. The sheer fact that my father served as one of Dr. King's lieutenants proves that Dr. King stressed the importance of respect for women. He did not want women or children to be subjected to the dangers of hurling objects while they were marching. He felt that the men should stand on the outside to protect the women and children who marched.

Essay --

The United State of America is a faced with the daunting task of defending itself from both conventional and nonconventional threats. Countries like China, Russia, and Iran are at the forefront of conducting multiple aspects of intelligence operations/collections within American boarders. These operations pose a grave danger to national security and foreign policy. This paper will analyze the structure, capabilities, and intent of Chinese, Russian, and Iranian intelligence services. By doing so, it will highlight why Russia is the one country that poses the greatest to both American interest and national security. Chinese (PRC) intelligence services are structured in a fashion that is similar to most countries. There is a divide between civilian and military intelligence agencies. Currently, they are capable of conducting HUMINT, SIGINT, OSINT, and cyber operations. The Chinese use HUMINT operations in the Unites States as a means to collect technical data. China will utilize students, diplomats, businessmen, and scientists to gain information. (Pike 1997) China has more than 64,000 personnel in the United States that are activity collect information for the Chinese government. Due to the sheer aggressiveness nature of their unsophisticated HUMINT collection program, they were able to obtain mid to high level technologies. China’s has the largest SIGINT capability of in nation in the Asia region. They are capable of monitoring signals from Russia, Taiwan, and U.S military forces located in the area. In addition to land based platforms, China has a fleet of naval vessels that are capab le of collecting signals intelligence and their primary use is to monitor U.S. military operations in the Pacific region. (Pike 1997) The PRC has... ...led on your computer personal information can be encrypted and sent to servers located in Russia. This sophistocation is what ranks Russia as the number one country that poses the greatest threat to national security. (Shachtman 2012) Russia, China, and Iran all have intelligence capabilities. However, after srutenizing there intelligence capabilities on an individual basis, Russia is ranked number one while China and Iran follow in order. Russia’s ability to collect on the United States of America exceeds other countries because of its’ SIGINT, HUMINT, and cyber operation are being evolved on a continual basis. Russia, currently has naval, air, and land assets that can collect anywhere in the world. Additionally, Russia has the second largest space program, that includes spy satellites that are capable of collecting on the United States and other countries.

Poe’s “The Fall of the House of Usher”

Edgar Allen Poe is a name that conjures up images of haunting dark rooms and dreary landscapes. His poems and short stories explore the inner workings of the human imagination, the parallelism of life and death, the fine line between sanity and madness, the delicate balance of beauty and terror, and the hesitation between a natural and a supernatural explanation of unusual events. â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† examines these themes in a collision and intermingling of manifold, complex circumstances. Poe uses duality and mirror images, symbolism, and a Gothic tone to convey the terror and fear that overwhelms and finally destroys the House of Usher. Studying the characters and the connections established between them, the symbolism and duality throughout the story, and most importantly the way in which the story is told, provides insight into the deeper meanings and true significance of the story. A part of the terror of this story is its vagueness. Rather than directly exploring the internal causes of the Ushers' illnesses, it presents these characters to the narrator and the reader as an impenetrable mystery. While many have tried to decipher the twin motif, this paper serves to explore how the events effect the narrator, and in turn, effect the reader. As the reader tries to interpret the story and make sense of the strange events that unfold, the reader finds himself experiencing feelings that mirror the narrator's. This is an often overlooked meaning and purpose to â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher. † A study of the opening paragraph is a crucial element to understanding the significance of the story. The opening paragraph not only introduces the conflict between the natural and supernatural, but gives insight into the narrator's reason for telling this story. First, it sets up an opposition between the narrator's experience of a force that may be supernatural and his insistent interpretation of this experience as explainable according to obscure psychological laws or else illusory, the mere product of nerves. After struggling to rationalize his immediate â€Å"sense of insufferable gloom† upon merely glancing at the House of Usher, he acknowledges that worldly things can sometimes give shape to the mind. He tries to change his perspective to shake his gloomy feeling, but looking into the tarn and seeing the reflection of the house provides no relief and instead deepens his terror. This experience contradicts his beliefs. The conflict between the reports of his senses and his interpretations of these reports persists when he reasons that being conscious that one is giving way to superstition accelerates the speed at which one gives way. This is â€Å"the paradoxical law of all sentiments having terror as a basis. Parallel to the narrator's conflict is a subtle opposition that becomes increasingly stronger and important as the story progresses. Unlike many of Poe's other works, the opening provides no statement of the narrator's purpose in telling this story. Even though the narrator is never explicit about why he tells this story, he reveals his reasons indirectly from the very beginning. This narrator imagines a listener as conveyed by his conversational tone. The narrator mildly re sists his own story, trying rhetorically to dissociate himself from it. The frequency of his assertions of the present tense increases at crucial points in his narrative: when he recounts his perception of the atmosphere, when he discusses Usher's artistic productions, and especially, when he reports Usher's belief in the sentience of all things. This resistance suggests that he is telling this story to convince himself, or rather have the reader confirm that he is not mad. The purpose for the narrator's visit to the Usher House is to alleviate Rodrick from his suffering by means of his cheerful disposition. Upon discovering the physical similarities between Rodrick and the house, suggesting that both are essentially living corpses, alleviation seems futile. When Usher acknowledges these resemblances by asserting that the â€Å"physique† of the house affects the â€Å"morale† of his existence, he indicates that at the center of his malady is a growing dominance of the material world over his spirit, a world that includes both his house and his body. Rodrick's house and body have become his prison. Madeline's presence later in the conversation triggers yet another unaccountable oppression and after finding Usher with his face buried in his hands, he feels helpless. Mid story consists of a succession of of images of Usher's imprisonment in his world and of the narrator's attempts to resist the oppressive feelings that attack him. Rather than attempting to change Rodrick's point of view, the narrator only persists resistance to becoming â€Å"ushered. † The narratology shifts focus to the image of Rodrick. He proclaims his fear of going mad. In his mind, the house is causing him, body and soul, to mirror itself. The narrator, attempting to rationalize once again, concludes that Rodrick's condition is the condition of his world. It cause is in the nature of things. Rodrick hesitantly admits â€Å"a more natural and far more palpable origin,† hence why he send for the narrator as a aversion. As the days go on, Rodrick entertains the narrator with art and poems, all of which the narrator observes reflect the polarities of Rodrick's mental state. As the narrator tells of his and Rodrick's activities and of Rodrick's behavior, his tone becomes increasingly desperate and his efforts to remind the reader of his presence, rather than just reporting the events, increase exponentially. He describes their artistic pursuits: â€Å"his long, improvised dirges will ring forever in my ears,† â€Å"I hold painfully in my mind,† â€Å"(vivid as their images now are before me). † The narrator's very efforts to escape into the present of the narration betray him, for what he wishes to escape in the past awaits him in the future. Towards the end of the story, the narrator starts to mirror Rodrick. He appears to be telling his story to deny the significance upon which his story insists. As he resists his story, so his story resists him, refusing to take the shape he desires for it. His story mirrors the House of Usher. The narrator thus reveals his obsession. Could he convince his listener that what he has experienced is illusion, he might perhaps convince himself and so exorcise the story. He is compelled to tell his tale, but compelled by inner necessity to be free of the tale, to save himself. After Madeline's death, he claims he has been infected by Usher. After the account of Madeline's burial, the narrator's efforts at identifying with his listener are less frequent and less desperate. The death of Madeline is followed by the disappearance of all light from Usher's eyes and by rhetorical hopelessness in the narrator. Usher roams without object from chamber to chamber and gazes â€Å"upon vacancy for long hours,† as if listening (95). Soon the narrator is doing the same. When Rodrick enters the narrator's room his â€Å"mad hilarity† appalls the narrator, but the narrator welcomes his presence rather than being alone. Usher has come to show him something, the peculiar storm outside, which the narrator at first thinks sublimely beautiful. Upon further observation, he concludes that Usher must not look at it. He reaches this conclusion when he notices that the seemingly living whirlwind appears imprisoned within â€Å"the unnatural light of a faintly luminous and distinctly visible gaseous exhalation which hung about and enshrouded the mansion† (96). For the first time, the narrator reports direct resistance to Rodrick's perception and a direct attempt to explain it away as â€Å"merely electrical phenomena not uncommon† or as the result of the miasma of the tarn. As a diversion, he suggests reading. As the narrator attempts to entertain Rodrick with a hopeful sounding story he is not diverted. As Usher's arrival in the narrator's room mocks the narrator's earlier arrival at Usher, and as the revelation of the storm emphatically affirms Usher's world view, so Madeline's escape from the tomb mocks â€Å"The Mad Trist,† and her appearance turns the screw of the horror of Usher's world view. The Mad Trist,† while it may, as the narrator asserts, lack imagination, speaks rather directly to Rodrick's despair. The story, in the portion the narrator tells, is of the reconquest of a palace of gold, which had been reduced by a dragon into a hermit's hut, a hut with most of the characteristics of the haunted palace of U sher's poem. Ethelred's progress, then, suggests the possibility that King might retake his lost kingdom and don again the purple for which he was born. However, in the background is the opposite horror, the echoing series of events leading up to the destruction of the metaphorical king, Rodrick, and his palace. Madeline's escape from her tomb is a mockery of the recovery of reason. Soon the narrators surrounded by dualities: the twins, the reelings, the usherings, the collapses, the doublings of storm and house. He flees, but as the his rhetoric has already revealed, he cannot escape. He is infected. The House of Usher utters him with its last breath, and he is expelled into a space identical in meaning with those he has left. Were the narrator speaking rather than being spoken, he might seize his last opportunity to assert that with the destruction of the house and the appearance of the natural light of the moon, Usher's disease disappears from the earth. But it is clear from the manner of his telling as well as from his vision of the moon that the narrator has not yet accomplished this exorcism. The moon insists upon being unnatural, â€Å"a wild light †¦ a gleam so unusual †¦ the full, setting, and blood-red moon,† which bursts upon his sight. Usher is dead and yet, in the narrator, Usher lives on. Turn where he might, he sees only Usher. In the effort to throw off this burden, he tells his story, asking his implied listener to confirm his fruitless assertions that his experience was illusory, but in the very act of telling, he is again caught up in the compelling vision of Madeline's return and the doubled collapse of the house. Implicit in his attempts at persuasion has been the promise that the tale would come to an end and that his unaccountable experiences would be explained. The final image of the tarn's waters closing over the fragments of the house violates probability, and the narrator offers no explanation for it. If the opposition between the narrator's rational explanations and his unaccountable experiences is to be resolved, the reader must do so without the help of the narrator, and the immediately available alternatives are not satisfactory. The reader's natural response is to re read or relieve the text, trying to rationalize what has just been presented, thus mirroring the role of the narrator. As he has failed in his pursuit to alleviate Usher from his madness, the reader in turn fails to make sense of the narrators experience.