Is Canada A Peacekeeping Country History Essay

Is Canada A Peacekeeping Country History EssayCanada is viewed as a republic that always attempts to keep and build peace. Humanity has seen Canada virtually invent the terms peacekeeping operation and peacebuilding. Peacekeeping is a vital comp binglent of Canadas foreign policy, and consists of a constitution that has been naturalised from fifty years of experience. Canadian elaborateness has ranged from, providing emergency shelter, guardling, mine clearance, and the maintenance of critical distri scarceion routes for delivery of vital humanitarian aid shipments.1 over 120,000 men and women pose served in close to 50 different fall in Nations (UN) peacekeeping missions, but with a price of 108 Canadian casualties.2There are two perspectives for Canadas participation in peacekeeping. One side says that Canada was irrelevant from the majority of the disputes, and therefore there was no reason for involvement. These individuals speculate on Canadas sacrifice, but do non re alize the reward. However, these people are incorrect, and the necessity of Canadian involvement in peacekeeping was specifically seen in the Suez Crisis (1957), congou tea (1960), and Cyprus (1964). It is comm further said that, Canada has saved the world from the brink of war.3The opportunity for Canada to develop a reputation of peacekeeping began in the Suez Crisis. The crisis began when the British and French decided non to finance Egypts construction of a dam, because of Egypts evolution ties with communist Czechoslovakia and theSoviet Union.4The Egyptian president, Gamal Abdel Nasser, reacted by taking control of the epithelial duct gaining a strategic waterway, and the military unit to cut-off British and French shipments.5The British and French prepared a military posture to seize the abideal and found a ready ally in Israel. Eventually, fighting erupted with Egypt on wiz side, and Britain, France, and Israel on the other. As news spread about this dispute, The world braced for another deadly meeting of the worlds military powers.6 This was when the Canadian external affairs minister, Lester B. Pearson, proposed to establish a UN peacekeeping force. His intentions were to create a multi-national force that could lower tensions, which would differentiate the combatants, and eventually bring lasting peace with negotiations.7The plan called for the British and French to withdraw, but a UN force would remain in the area, stabilizing the situation by patrolling the Egypt-Israel border.8The United Nations General Assembly accepted this proposal, and the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) was created. Canada sent the first peacekeepers to Egypt on November 24, 1956 and soon the canal was fully reopened to shipping.9Pearson was awarded the Nobel Peace sugar in 1957 for the creation of the United Nations Emergency Force and he was now considered the father of peacekeeping. Therefore, if Canadas future prime quantity minister did not propose his so lution, the United Nations Emergency Force would never have been created, and war would have been a likely possibility.Furthermore, Canadians were needed in another UN peacekeeping mission in Congo. The problems in Congo began when they gained independence from Belgium, and this resulted in the native army and police revolting against its white officers. Belgium moved in man to restore order and asked the UN to provide support. When the UN headquarters requested communicative bilingual Canadian forces, Canada was hesitant because French-speaking members in the Canadian Army were not common.10Some say that the reason the UN requested French-speaking bilingual forces was because the troops needed to be able to communicate with the Belgian forces, as well as the Congolese soldiers. A reason behind Canadas acceptance of this request was comm just seen due to people saying that Canada, the agent of peacekeeping, cannot decline a UN request. Although some say Canada accepted this missi on to keep their reputation, Canadian involvement was lots needed because it would have been very difficult to find French-speaking bilingual peacekeepers. Although the Canadian government was alleviated when their peacekeepers eventually returned home, Canadian involvement was vital because the demand of the UN was very specific. Canada, being a multicultural country, was one of the only countries that had French-speaking bilingual forces at their disposal, and this was the key to the success of this mission.Lastly, Canada strengthened their already developed peacekeeping reputation on the island of Cyprus. This tedious mission was one of the longest, lasting 29 years. The conflict, leading to violence, began during the time of the islands independence. The island had been Greek in culture and creation for a long time, but there was also a population of Turkish people. The thought of joining Greece had long been favoured by the Greek people however, the Turkish people were conce rned about this possibility. This was the origin of friction between the ethnic groups, and eventually led to violence in 1963.11In 1964, Cyprus asked the UN to establish a peacekeeping force. Once peacekeepers arrived, they discovered that the groups of people were mixed together. Small populations of Turkish groups lived among big Greek populations and this made peacekeeping a great challenge.12Canadian soldiers used their skills of managing conflicts and disagreements, as well as traditional skills of soldiering. A unique remark erupted from Canadian actions that said, Peacekeeping is not a soldiers job, but only a soldier can do it.13 Although all UN efforts were made to keep violence away from the island, turkey invaded the northern part of Cyprus in 1974. As fighting erupted, peacekeepers were in the middle of a war zone, but after several weeks, an armistice was negotiated. The UN created a cease-fire line, and this separated the island between the Greeks and Turks.14Canadi an peacekeepers continued to patrol this line until 1993, and this shows Canadas commitment and motivation, which has come from years of experience.The world would have been completely different if Lester B. Pearson, the father of peacekeeping, did not propose his solution. His proposal gave insight that created the fundamental goal of the UN. If the United Nations Emergency Force had not been established in the Suez Crisis, there would have been a large number of disputes and battles, and there would be no one attempting to solve them. Canada helped the world solve disputes with negotiations instead of war, and this reward is enough to claim the necessity of Canadian involvement. In the Suez, Canada created peacekeeping in Congo, Canada provided bilingual peacekeepers in Cyprus, Canadians showed commitment by patrolling the cease-fire line for 29 years. As a result, many soldiers have been saved by peacekeepers. Therefore, Lester B. Pearsons proposal has the world in his debt. Toda y, his reward can simply be the knowledge of saving the world from war, and giving Canada a reputation that can only be Canadian. Canada has built their reputation on the fact that they are a peacekeeping nation, and they have dealt with a large number of disputes, sometimes even preventing war. Canada pull up stakes always be the creator of peacekeeping and they will always be needed to keep and build peace.

Analysis of the Star Wars Films

Analysis of the thaumaturge Wars FilmsA change in the forceWhen I specify of the name A Heros Journey the startle image that comes to mind is Luke Skywalker standing proudly holding an outstretched readablesaber pointing to the stars with Princess Leia kneeling at his feet clutching a blaster as depicted on the cover of the 1978 movie Star wars IV a New Hope. Like millions of other children, this con stancer was, unknowingly, my first introduction into the idea of courageous archetypes.It was a story of a superstars awakening and the struggle between the forces of light and dark, with glorious space battles, self-asserting space pirates and a pretty princess. I would watch the VHS tape multiple generation a day. It had a very profound impact on my young mind and although the concept was used many times out front, its sci-fi themed setting was more than enough to attract the attention millions of other kids and adults a the like.It is well documented that George Lucas was h eavily invigorate by joseph Campbell (1904-1987) and his work, The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949). In this Campbell outlines what he calls the champs journeying this is a motif of contingency and personal transformation that is used in nearly every cultures mythical framework.This is mirrored in A New Hope where in act champion of the admirers journey we meet Luke Skywalker who lives on the desert orbiter of Tatooine and works on his uncles moisture farm. It is in brief after(prenominal) we learn of Lukes dreams of becoming a pilot still is bound by his obligations to his uncle to help with the harvest which will be ripe soon. When he receives the message contained deep down the R2-D2 droid from a princess in obvious distress it serves as his call to adventure and inspires his first steps on his journey which will lead him to Obi Wan Kenobi, his future mentor. Luke initially denies the call tho ever-changing his mind when his family and home ar destroyed, only thusl y accepting the first stage of his journey which is to have the princess.The blink of an eye act is generally when the hero meets allies, enemies, undergoes life and termination conflict and completes the master(prenominal) task in his journey. This can be seen when Luke and Ben enlist the services of rogues Han and Chewbacca and experience their first confrontation with the evil empire. As Luke go outs Tatooine in search of the princess on the artificial satellite Alderaan it is truly the beginning of his journey as he ventures into space on his quest. Luke receives training from Obi Wan and bonds with Han during this time and eventually meets the princess by the end of act two.Luke is in like manner limning similar divisionistics of the epic hero during this time, starting in his humble beginnings as a farm virile child to completing a task meant only for him and displaying many ideals of the epic hero such(prenominal) as morals, strength, faith, perception and bravery . While all these temperamentistics are vital to fulfil the epic hero role, it is faith that Luke must watch over in the force before he can truly achieve his heroic status.When Luke and the crew of the millenary run are captured by the death star, the audience is timid if they will succeed in escaping and run they rescue the princess along the way. Of course our hero finds the princess and achieves the goal while nearly founding killed along the way. Luke escapes the death star and his task is achieved.Over the course of the second act Luke begins to display the qualities of an epic hero, Luke is seen as chastely commanding intelligent man, optimistic more or little his mission and displays strength and bravery in a payoff of ways. His faith in the mystical force likewise develops as he preservers to continue forward after the death of his mentor Obi Wan.In the third act Luke displays what he has learnt over the course of his journey. It is only then(prenominal) that the hero can gain the true reward -in Lukes case this is knowledge.Lukes nett task is to caution in the destruction of the finis Star and will only return if his mission is a triumph otherwise he will be killed and his journey will be over. During the final assault Luke displays emersion as a hero, his belief in the force and his confederacy with friend Han Solo further shows his hero status. Luke uses his new knowledge gained from his journey and the force to destroy the Death Star and save the rebel alliance from total destruction.It is at this point Luke Journey comes to an end for a New Hope but is act by Lucas over the course the trilogy, this even continues into the latest instalment, The result Awakens released in 2015.Although I have call back on Lukes role up until this point is also important to n star the other archetypes present in The Star Wars movies.Firstly is Han Solo who is possibly the most intimately character in the fender trilogy. This is mostly b e attain of his disadvantageously boy image and that he is a cynical anti-hero figure and a bit of a cow man who relies mostly on courage and the use of his blaster to escape tight situations. He is an independent and knock-down(prenominal) character as his name SOLO would suggest. In the first film Han can be seen as a shape shifter, perceived by the main character as or so single he is unsure of trusting. Hanss intentions are hidden as well as his loyalties as he doesnt want to care around the rebellion or their struggle against the empire. He only wants to care for himself and problems directly affecting him. In the final moments of the battle at the end of possibility IV Han comes to Lukes aid and ends up joining the struggle with the rebels. Hanss journey is more about learning to care for others rather than just about himself, this journey continues throughout the second and third films as Han the proven warrior now learns to love.Han is accompanied through the trilogy b y his trusty companion Chewbacca. It is jet for a hero to befriend a beast along the way as this helps the hero to be reminded of the natural world.Lukes main companions include the droids C3PO and R2-D2. They mostly serve comic relief and the everyman archetype. They react to situations much like the audience would if they were thrown into the action. They cower and flee from danger but are also the heralds who issue challenges to the hero as well as announce the coming of change in the heros future.R2-D2 also serves as the atom smasher of the story. He is passionate and helpful, and is completely dedicated to the cause, he delivered the first call to arms to Luke and eventually consequent him to his next stage of training with the last remaining Jedi master Yoda.Yoda, similar to Obi Wan before him is the old man mentor archetype, although he also embodies multiple archetypes also. When Yoda first meets Luke in the swamps of Dagobah, he is the tricker who is pretending to be a senile old creature, later it is revealed that he is a threshold withstander who is protecting the wisdom and secrets of the Jedi order until the hero proves himself worthy of such gifts. These secrets also contain the truth about Lukes family and the eventual downfall of his set out, Anakin Skywalker. Yoda is also represents the oracle that possesses the dexterity to see beyond the present to future possibilities.Lukes father Anakin Skywalker experiences a true Visionaries arc throughout the series. From a simple slave on Tatooine to becoming angiotensin-converting enzyme of the last Jedi knights, he remained move to the order until a vision of his dying mother and death of his beloved wife lead him to the dark side only to be reborn as the tyrannical Darth Vader. Vader is committed to the vision of the empire and remains its most staunch supporter until the undeniable force of change returns him to the light side of the force. This happens as a result of this long lost son L uke who he sacrifices himself to save from the emperor moth and herald in a new era in the process, which would be led by his children Luke and Leia.Princess Leia represents the powder-puff in the otherwise staminate dominated Star Wars creative activity.In the fender trilogy she is firstly depicted as a damsel in distress who is captured by the empire and has to be rescued by the heros. She then reveals herself to be a warrior as she fights to escape the Death Star. Later in the series she takes on a attractionship role in the rebel alliance and also a sentimentalist role with Han Solo. In the final film of the original trilogy she is revealed to be the twin sister of Luke Skywalker, thus becoming a pistillate counterpart to Luke with the corresponding strength and potential he has.Leia and her mother Padme are also good examples of what whitethorn be perceived as gender bias in the original and prequel trilogies. Aside from these characters the Star Wars universe is practi cally devoid of young-bearing(prenominal) characters. Similar to the society we live in, the Star Wars universe is predominantly senile with characters such as Luke Skywalker and Obi Wan Kenobi garnering more attention with the womanish characters usually taking a back seat to the action when they are around. Characters such as Luke and Obi Wan show qualities such as loyalty, integrity and bravery in the face of overwhelming odds, while the females are mostly wormy with very few opportunities to be heroic themselves.While the male characters mostly fill the role of the archetypical male hero that the audience is used to seeing, they do have some differences. Han Solo for example is good aiming, adventurous with a bad boy attitude while at the same time being irresistible to the opposite sex. Luke Skywalker is also adventurous but is different in that by the end of the original trilogy does not win the girl and forgoes the stereotype of ladies man in favour of the serious hero with a solemn nature similar to the samurai found in the Kurosawa films that originally inspired Lucas. The Jedi from the prequels follow much the same archetypes, female Jedi are present in these movies but are mostly relegated to the background in scenes with no input of value coming from them during the course of the movies.Female villains are also noticeably absent from the films and females in general and are nowhere to be found in the ranks of the Galactic Empire, with the addition to the noticeable overleap of alien creatures as well. Although, this may have been a product of the times of the original films production as women in general would not be viewed as legitimate villains. Regardless of the real(a) reasons for this the Star Wars universe is practically devoid of female heroes and villains alike. also worth noting is that the female characters do little to further the cause of the heros and will often get in the way, requiring the heros take time to rescue them.Leia may be an exclusion to this she is the most influential female character by far in the Star Wars universe and after the release of installment IV in 1977 lead to a noticeable uprising in pixilated female leads in film. Two years later we would see possibly the most heroic female character ever, Ellen Ripley appears in the hit horror movie Alien. With Linda Hamiltons Sarah Connor furthering the cause in 1984s The Terminator a few years later. How much influence Princess Leia had over these characters is easy to see. Leia is head hard and cocky and when we are first introduced to her she is perceived by the audience as an authority figure being no way over sexualized. hitherto in the face of her captures she is fearless which is uncharacteristic of the damsel in distress idea.Episode IV is basically a story about a princess who needs to be rescued from the villains stronghold. Women are seen to be on a lower threshold than men and require rescuing as they cannot do so themselves, interestingly, as soon as the male heroes rescue Leia, she takes control of the situation telling the heroes what to do, even rescuing them in the process. At one point she even takes the weapon from Luke to open up a pathway to escape. When they finally escape the Death Star, Leia is also the only one to realise that their escape may have been too easy with the real reason being that they would be used to track the location of the rebel substructures.As part of the Rebellion, Leia is also regarded as an authority figure. She orders the all-male rebel pilots around throughout the original trilogy. She is seen as an important and influential strong female protagonist. Gwendolyn Glover, a noted feminist blogger writes, I know that for many, Princess Leia is a sex symbol. The unattainable and thoroughgoing(a) char. For me, Princess Leia is my feminist icon. She was my first (and pretty much only) female role model for feminism. In a male dominated universe, she stood out as a force to be reckoned with. Tough, smart, and outspoken, she typified everything that I wanted to be,(Glover, 2009).Leias role in Episode IV does a lot for female protagonists in the film industry. With the release of Episode V The Empire Strikes Back in 1980 Leias character conforms more to the traditional female character roles seen up until then in film. Her romance with Han Solo is a stark contrast to her disinterest in the male leads in the first film and she quickly becomes useless for the majority of the film. In the first 15 minutes of Episode V Han is required to rescue her from the crumbling ruins of the rebel base on Hoth while she displays fear of rodents and requires a male to kill them for her. Which all seems out of place for such an independent character who, in the previous film required none of this attention from her male counterparts and spends the majority of this film falling in love with one of them.One scene in particular stands out in Episode V The Empire Strikes Back. When Leia is confronted by Han, she is backed into a corner and asked about her true feelings, the male character takes her hands preventing her escape. The scene ends as she succumbs to her feelings and passionately kisses her capture. This scene can easily be construed as disturbing as it may acquire men that borderline violent behaviour or intimidation is a viable way to a womans heart.This trend continues in Episode VI Return of the Jedi when after rescuing Han from Jabba the Hutt, Leia is herself captured and forced to wear a florid bikini and lie at the foot of Jabbas bed with a collar around her neck, waiting to be rescued by a man. in this we see leias change from the first film where she is dresses from head to walk in white to the final film where we see her practically naked creating one of the most iconic images of male fantasy ever to be seen on the big screen.After she is rescued by Luke she succeeds in killing Jabba (who resembles a giant phallus) with the ch ain that was previously used to hold her. Towards the end of the film, Leia redeems herself by preservation Hans life by shooting attacking Stormtroopers in the films final battle. Thus, although Leia conforms to the traditional gender roles, she does project some positive traits throughout the course of the original trilogy.With the release Star Wars Episode VII The aim Awakens in 2015, popular culture was still lacking adequate female type and role models.When a woman was cast as the lead character in the latest instalment of the Star Wars Saga it was a regarded as a big deal.Rey, played by Daisy Ridley was both a protagonist and a hero, she has no romantic interests, wears combat outfits and fights villains just like Anakin and Luke in the trilogies before her .Starting out as a babbler on Jakku she combines some of the best traits of Luke Skywalker, Leia Organa and Han Solo and is both a relatable and believable female lead which is uncommon to see in films even today. Thi s leads to breaking the stereotype which is present in the earlier films and reinforces the gender balance. schoolgirlish girls growing up with these new films will have a role model to look up to, while boys will see Rey as a hero regardless of gender.Rey, and her companion Finn mirror well-known initiation myths from mythology While Finn draws from various Biblical folktales and Celtic myths, Reys story is a updated variate of one of the oldest myths, The larger-than-life of Gilgamesh, while adding a feminist interpretation (Glen Robert Gill, 2016). Reys struggle with the main villain Kylo Ren, who is later revealed to be the son of Han Solo and Leia Organa, resembles mythic themes of relations and rivalries between siblings. Although Reys lineage is kept secret from the viewer, the idea that she is a Skywalker would constrain perfect archetypal sense.When we are introduced to Rey we quickly realise she will follow much of the same traits as J.J. Abrams previous leading femal e characters such as Jennifer Garner of Alias and Anna Torv of Fringe. Rey is a solitary hero who resides in the desert. Her name evokes ideas of light or solar heroism (Ray) and royalty with Rey meaning King in Spanish.Rey however starts at the bottom of the social hierarchy unlike Gilgamesh. While stranded on the planet Jakku we see her scavenging parts from crashed Imperial ships as a means to survive which may be a forecasting of her future as a rebel. Rey is an invert feminist version of Gilgamesh that will have to be trained and moulded with the martial tradition of the Jedi order to become a Jedi and possibly even becoming perennial during the course of the new films.Rey is also an orphan similar to Finn that reminds us of many female examples such as Daenerys Targaryen from Game Of Thrones, Jane Eyre or even Annie. This can have special feminine implications as the search for her family is not just about parental affirmation but also about overcoming social vulnerabilities and inequities.Similar to the first meeting between Gilgamesh and his companion Enkidu, the first time Rey and Finn meet they begin fighting and arguing with each(prenominal) other, only to later find a common purpose. unspoilt as Rey is an inverted feminist Gilgamesh, Finn is an inverted version of Enkidu, Enkidu can be seen as a federal agency of the natural or uncivilized side of humanity. As Finn is spurred to escape the soulless anatomical structure of the First Order to the natural environment of the Resistance by the cold toughness of Captain Phasma, who is the negative projection of the maidenly anima. Phasmas chrome covered armor projects the unreal idea of the mirror, as this symbolizes self-contemplation and self-examination.As Finn and Rey grow closer as friends, we see in them less as deserters (Finn deserted the First Order, Rey was deserted on the desert planet by her family) but an updated version of the archetypal friendship between Gilgamesh and Enkidu. The f riendship that develops between Rey and Finn during The Force Awakens reminds us that friendships born in the center of battle do not need to be exclusively masculine, and do not have to be endorsed or convoluted by a romantic element.When Rey and Finn escape the planet Jakku they are introduced to Han Solo and Chewbacca, the original trilogys version of the same archetypal characters. Han Solos return also brings with it the Jungs archetypal figure the wise old man. Just like Obi-Wan Kenobis role to Luke in A New Hope, Han becomes a mentor figure to our main characters. Han also affirms the existence of the Force to Rey in the exact same location on board the Millennium Falcon as Obi-Wan Kenobi tutored Luke.Soon after our four heroes meet they must work together to escape gangsters who are attempting to capture Solo, the archetypal significance of this is found in the pursuing groups destruction by the hideous rathtars that escape their cages during the course of the action, these snake-tentacled creatures are reminiscent of the mythical Medusa that is itself a demonic incarnation of the yonic symbol that Freud called the vagina dentata(Leah12. 2012) In relation to Reys journey, this can be seen as a parallel of Gilgameshs battle with the monstrous Humbaba. In a archetypal sense monsters are generally projections of the negative self or extensions of the viewers self-image, it is also worth noting that while Gilgamesh decapitates his monster in an egoistic search for prestige, Rey only dismembers her monster to aid her companion, Finn. It is also renowned that during Reys martial induction, she generally only uses her developing abilities for defence and enemy persuasion just as the Jedi computer code demands, and only time she is openly aggressive is when Finn is cut down during his battle with Kylo Ren in the films climax.Rey is basically the twenty-first century version of Luke Skywalker, a young 20 something character who is possibly the last hope for the Jedi order. archaeozoic in the film when Rey first meets Finn and they are fleeing from pursuing Stormtroopers, Finn repeatedly reaches for Reys hand to aid in her escape. Rey snaps at him I know how to run without you holding my hand. She also outmatches the main villain Kylo Ren both mentally and physically during the course of the film. One of the more notable scenes involves Han Solo recognising that Rey is somebody who can handle herself, in one scene in particular he offers to show Rey how to use a blaster to which she replies I think I can handle myself, his agreement reminds the viewer of how Leia saved his life at the end of Episode VI. He then continues to approve of her proficiency without coming across a patronising, even offering her a job alongside him and letting her fly his beloved Millennium Falcon.Rey is also an example of the young, maidenly aspects of Jungs term anima, which describes the archetypal feminine. Like much of Abrams previous work it shows an und erstanding that the anima does not need to be a companion or object of the masculine self which presumes the perspective of the audience, instead being a representation of that perspective.It has also been claimed that Reys character is whats described as a bloody shame Sue type anima archetype (Zulai Serrano, 2015), which claims the character can do no wrong, making her a character too unrealistic for some viewers. The enough feminine dimension of The Force Awakens makes itself very apparent with the first appearance of the droid BB-8, who serves as Reys heroic nominal just as R2-D2 served as Lukes. The figure eight body shape of BB-8 resembles that of theNeolithic Venus, which contrasts against the small phallic structure of R2-D2. BB-8 is what is called ayonic symbol, this is the archetypal image of female embodiment (the chassis of BB-8 houses the reward of the quest which is the map to finding the missing Luke Skywalker, this can also be seen as a sort of rebirth for the char acter in the process).As stated earlier, the original trilogy had only one main female character and although the Prequels had more female characters their representation was even worse, even going as far as to have Padme (Leias mother) dying of a unordered heart in Episode VI. The new film takes steps to address this by having several women in key roles.General Leia is the leader of the resistance and has been allowed to age gracefully on screen, she is seen as the role of leader while still being a mother figure throughout. Over the course of the films Leia has moved from a Princess to a General and from a lover to a leader of the Resistance. Leia also functions independently without either Luke or Han which is very different than the last time we seen her in Return of the Jedi.Leia also conforms to the mature pole of the anima archetype, named by Jung as theGreat Mother. This marks a major archetypal change for Leia from the original trilogies, where she often functioned as the unmixed aspect of the anima, a role now taken by Rey. Leia still remains a positive representation of the anima as she continues to oppose the negative aspects of the anima, which Jung calls theTerrible Mother. This figure is not represented by one character in particular but by a vast destructive power such as the Death Stars of A New Hope and The Return of the Jedi, and its most recent incarnation Starkiller base in The Force Awakens. Where the Great Mother supports and upholds, similar to what Leia does, the Terrible Mother consumes all, as shown in the Death Stars ability to destroy planets from afar.We are also introduced to the character of Maz Kanata an old, wise mother figure who has been referred to as a female Yoda. It is Maz who gives Rey Luke Skywalkers lightsaber and Awakens the force in her. The fact that this character has been given Yodas role is very noticeable and can be seen as a major step in the gender balance issue. To a lesser boundary Captain Phasma as a wo man under the Stormtrooper suit is completely new to the Star Wars universe. It is also the first time we see female pilots at the controls of the X- wings during the final assault on Starkiller base which was unheard of before the release of the film.The Force Awakens is a game changer in many respects. It honors and updates the themes and tropes fans sway to find in the Star Wars universe by reiterating and reinterpreting compelling characters and symbology from known mythology. While still retaining its traditional values and fearlessly putting a female character such as Rey as the main protagonist and keeps a healthy mix of old and new characters that continue to transcend their archetype roles. The The Force Awakens can also be seen as more of a reboot than a sequel that builds on the best elements from the previous films and what it promises in the future.Whether the story of the Skywalker family continues throughout the course of the new trilogy is still to be opinionated b ut with the inclusion of Rey as the hero a new generation of fans (Male or Female) will look up to promises to bring us in new, fascinating directions.ReferencesAndrew Yang. (2015). The Archetypes Of Star Wars . Available https//www.archetypes.com/the-archetypes-of-star-wars/. nett accessed 04th Jan 2017.Glen Robert Gill. (2016). Star Wars The Force Awakens An Archetypal Review. Available http//brightlightsfilm.com/star-wars-the-force-awakens-archetype-gilgamesh-joseph-campbell-hero-mythic-myth-deepens/. survive accessed 13th Jan 2017.Gwendolyn Glover. (2011). Women Role Models. Available http//anna-reinertson.livejournal.com/. Last accessed 04th Jan 2017.John Paul Pianka. (2013). THE king OF THE FORCE RACE, GENDER, AND COLONIALISM IN THE STAR WARS UNIVERSE. Available http//wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040context=etd_mas_theses. Last accessed 14th Jan 2017.Kristen Brennan. (2013). Star Wars Origins. Available http//www.moongadget.com/origins/myth.html. Las t accessed 7th Jan 2017.Laura Hudson. (2013). Leia Is Not Enough Star Wars and the Woman Problem in Hollywood. Available https//www.wired.com/2013/02/opinion-star-wars-females-media/. Last accessed 04th Jan 2017.Leah12. (2012). The wild Feminine. Available http//monstrous-fem.blogspot.ie/. Last accessed 11th Feb 2017.Lucas Seastrom. (2015). Mythic Discovery Within the Inner Reaches of Outer Space Joseph Campbell Meets George Lucas donation I. Available http//www.starwars.com/news/mythic-discovery-within-the-inner-reaches-of-outer-space-joseph-campbell-meets-george-lucas-part-i. Last accessed 8th Feb 2017.Samuel James. (2015). How does Star Wars The Force Awakens represent women ?. Available http//screenprism.com/insights/article/what-does-star-wars-the-force-awakens-tell-us-about-its-representation. Last accessed 04th Jan 2017.WD TR. (2016). Star Wars The Heroines Journey Of rey. Available http//www.starwarsintheclassroom.com/content/hj/rey_hj.asp. Last accessed 16th Jan 2017.Z ulai Serrano. (2015). Star Wars The Force Awakens Is Rey A Mary Sue? Twitter Sparks Fanboy Debate. Available http//www.idigitaltimes.com/star-wars-force-awakens-rey-mary-sue-twitter-sparks-fanboy-debate-499248. Last accessed 20th Feb 2017.

Waterside Boarding Kennels

Waterside embarkation Kennels purlieual digest Business wariness1 Executive thick This report reflects an environmental abridgment of Waterside Kennels.Co To write this report I looked into national and external environments of the high society using the SWOT, cuss and Porters Five Forces tools. This report bears opportunity of progression and reflections of the threats which may occur in thresholds the Waterside Kennels.Co2 Title An Environmental Analysis of the Waterside Kennels.Co3 Terms of ReferenceOn Wednesday day 16thSeptember 2009 the Business Management Tutor Ms Kargonn Abberton pointed a report on Environmental Analysis of a Company of Work placement to comply with the requirements of the FETAC take 6 Business Management.I choose Waterside embarkation Kennels where I am doing work exist.This report is to submitted by 15th December 2009.Recommendation were requested.4 Method of procedureIn order to obtain relevant info the following procedures were adopted to acquire the information in the report* Waterside Kennels Co.* Website look for* College handouts5 Findings5.1 History of the CompanyWaterside Kennels is a solo proprietorship founded and possess by Fred Quinn, established 5 years ago in northernmost Co. Dublin on the old N2 road.5.1.1 Type of work carried by Waterside boarding KennelsEvery pet should have a good home only if you are going to be away for a while because of origin or a holiday, your pet still needs the proper precaution and handling until you come back from an out-of-town telephone line meeting or holiday. The best way to do this is to get in touch with a pet care and embarkment business which bath help your cat, follow or other pet. When you choose a pet care and boarding business you urgency the best care for your pet while you are away from home. The goal is to get a pet care and boarding business that feels close to the comforts of your home. Your pet will feel lots comfortable in an environment tha t resembles your home environment and wont experience anxiety if you must leave for a few days.At Waterside Kennels, we tell in caring. Whether it is providing a happy holiday home for pet, bringing up pass overs to be a socially acceptable companions or advanced competition dogs the owners peace of mind and a contented pet is our prime concern.The Waterside Kennels is able to offer this specialized circumspection because they are equipped very well. When customers leave their dog at the Waterside Kennels it is sur plump outed by great deal all day, has its own put out and is taken for walk twice a day and has an eleven acre of grassland fenced in backyard to explore. The Waterside Kennels is a superior alternative to a Kennel because the dog gets attention all day, have plush facilities and have ample opportunities to exercise.5.1.2 Organization structurePet care and boarding services include a all-encompassing draw of full or range- quantify employment opportunities for people that want to provide care for animals on a temporary basis. Services such as boarding, grooming, house sitting and training pets are a part of lucrative market especially to people that have experience in pet care and boarding services.Waterside Kennels is a flat company administrated by Fred QuinnThe organisational structure of Waterside Kennels is the follow0100090000031602000002009601000000009601000026060f002203574d46430100000000000100b1650000000001000000000300000000000000030000010000006c00000000000000000000001a000000370000000000000000000000c32300004214000020454d4600000100000300001000000002000000000000000000000000000000b0090000b40d0000d2000000290100000000000000000000000000003534030033880400160000000c000000180000000a00000010000000000000000000000009000000100000003804000064020000520000007001000001000000d2ffffff000000000000000000000000900100000000000004400022430061006c006900620072006900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 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 the chart above we can see that Waterside Kennels Co is managed by Fred Quinn who at the resembling time is in control of finance and is in top of all subdivisions.John Lynch is responsible in training the dogs.Kevin Hogan is in charge of caring the dogs and cleaning the kennels. At my request to get work experience placement Fred Quinn surveyed me in advertisement department , and ask me to do a explore what are wants and needs of people with pets on this stream of t ime. Veterinary services for Waterside Kennels provides Veterinary Clinique from Asbourne on request.5.1.3 mental abilityWaterside Kennels buildings is zoned perfectly on 11 acres of grassland, and has ability to host more than 60 dogs at the same time.Company provides services, such as grooming, training or doggy day care.Waterside Kennels is open all year round for boarding for dogs, cats and small animals and can also offer a accumulation and delivery service for you.Company is capable to take in reflection every needs of each individual customer.5.2 SWOTSWOT is an abbreviation for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats.SWOT analysis is an important tool for auditing the overall strategic position of a business and its environments. The following SWOT analysis captures key strengths and weaknesses within the Waterside Kennels and describe the opportunity and treats that facing the company.Strengths Strong relationship with the Human hostelry and local breeders. Amp le time to dedicate to the care of the animal deification facility High customer loyaltyWeaknesses Lack of visibility in the community A confine marketing budget A limited access of Dublin customers Opportunities Growing market with a significant component of the market still not aware that the Waterside Boarding Kennels exists Fixed court that is reduced when spread over multiple animals.Treats A slump in the economy that will reduce peoples discretionary income, thereby, reducing their opportunity to travel New competitors realising the true market potential5.3 oath The PEST analysis is a useful tool for understanding the Picture of the environment in which you are operating and the Opportunities and Threats that lie within it. By understanding the environment in which you operate (external to your company) you can take advantage of the opportunities and minimize the threats. The PEST is used to describe a framework for the analysis of a range of macro environmental factors including the Political, economic, Social and technical.By using the following PEST method I will look at some of the distant factors which affects Waterside Boarding Kennels. Political* Introduction of pee charges levy. This introduction affects the company budget as it will cost 800 euro a month.* Introduction of more stringently regulation such as waste, fire, health and safety make the company to spend more gold to be in line with this regulation. Economical* Downturn in the economy affected peoples ability to travel. The company relays on holidaying people.* Interest rates increasing leaving the company to struggle tittle the monthly repayments. The company borrowed from the bank 300.000 euro to develop the business.* Increase in unemployment. With no jobs people care for their pets themselves. Social* Life style changes in the fit 3-4 years many people moved to live in Dublin.* The customers are 30-60 years.* Increase in unemployment is a big issue for the company Techno logical* Company is using website for advertising* At all the time direction by developed technology* Working on project of modifying the lockup system on the kennels which will allow to close and open the door automatically in case of Health and Safety (Fire, Flooding)5.4 Porter 5 ForcesMichael Porter has identified fiver forces that are widely used to task the structure of any indus pass judgment. Porter five forces are Bargaining provide of Suppliers Bargaining Power of Buyers Treats of New Entrants Treats of Substitutes Rivalry among CompetitorsTogether the strength of the five forces determines the profit potential in an industry by influencing the prices, costs and postulate investments of business. Stronger forces are associated with a more challenging business environment.Scanning Waterside Boarding Kennels I remarked the follows Power of suppliers for Waterside Boarding Kennels is low. It is easy to switch from one supplier to another. Power of buyers is medium. In b oarding business customers like to stay with the same company as they feel their pets are happy. Treats of new entrants is medium. Depends on how much the entrants will invest. Waterside Kennels invested, (for boarding business ) a lot of money and try to have a high standard of services. For five years period the company acquired a good reputation. Customers are loyal to our company. To reduce the treats of substitutes we are staying closely in tune with customers preferences. To look at competitive aspiration whiten boarding industry in Ireland, I did a research and realised there were many boarding businesses. The Waterside Kennels have low rival as there no other boarding business in the area.6 ConclusionWaterside Boarding Kennels Co. is very well placed on N2 road with new ideal facilities.The owner invested a lot of money unexpecting the downturn in economy which affected the company. This company must to do a research on their needs/wants. In my view, boarding business is li ke any businesses have to have strategies. There is still a lot to be done. At the moment company operates for local customers. It is time to expand coverage. I am optimistic on this company future. not many people will turn away from their love pets.7 RecommendationsMy recommendations Waterside Boarding Kennels are the following* Review the company strategies.* More advertising* Organise events* Clear signs for directions(location)* Coffee machine for customers* Collecting rain water for cleaning will reduce water charges bill* Employ volunteers who can come with good ideas8 BibliographyWaterside Boarding Kennels company.

Barriers to Adult Learners

Barriers to grown prenticesContents (Jump to)IntroductionBARRIERS TO ADULT LEARNERSSituational parapetsInstitutional obstaclesDispositional restrictionsacademic breastworksEmploy custodyt reading roadblockCultural and socio-economic prohibitionsOVERCOMING BARRIERS TO ADULT tuition terminalReferencesIntroductionCourtney, S. (1989) Adult Education is an preventive into the ordinary business of lifean intervention whose immediate goal is change, in knowledge or in competence. An boastfullyhearted educator is wholeness, essenti every(prenominal)y, who is skilled at making such interventions.Who argon great(p) check overers? Adult learners atomic number 18 norm aloney considered as the learners who atomic number 18 over the geezerhood of 25 years. They be normally referred as non-traditional students. Adult learners group has contrary abilities, wide range of nurtureal suffergrounds and cultural backgrounds. They take a great deal responsibilities and experiences . In traditional education system, as soon as students finish the extravagantly school, they enrol in tertiary education. It apprize be a fleece or an undergraduate program. Adult learner typically doesnt prolong the traditional education system. The grownup education is as well called workforce education (Mary Jo Self, Ed.D.)Learning is a life-long process. It starts from the real(prenominal) first day of life to the in truth last day of the life. Most of the pot think that, the learning or per exploitation happens only in school or college life. This thinking whitethorn be much from the braggys.Adult learners forget go for m each a(prenominal) responsibilities unalike a fresh high school student. Most of the bragging(a)s ar extensive magazine workers and full clock parents too. They always have many barriers to learn. These barriers gage be divided into various categories. It fag buoy be physical barrier, attitudinal barrier or a structural barrier. It is tru e that braggys always display case nearly challenges that younger people dont have to bet. Some of the studies channelize that many giving women in like manner lawsuit lots of barriers like earlyish pregnancy, low socio-economic status and baby bird financial aid and many more as a barrier to learn. These barriers forget be broadly discussed. A cardinal aspect to continuing high education is identifying and overcoming of barriers to bounteous learning.The master(prenominal) spirit of this assignment is identifying why adults are slight in learning process. In this way, I will mainly focus on the barriers to adult learning. posterior in the assignment, I will try to come through some ideas to subordinate or reduce the barriers in adult learning.BARRIERS TO ADULT LEARNERSA very basic aspect to continuing higher education is to identify and belabor the barriers to adult learning. Adult learners are an change magnitude population in higher education. Between 19 69 and 1984, the go of adults participating in education programs increased 79 percent (Kristen M. De Vito, Eastern Illinois University). This group of students take learning as a serious work.This group of learners share are intumescent quantity of number students learning in an educational institution. Even though, the number adult learners are increasing day by day there are many barriers for them to learn and to become successful in their life.The barriers to adult learning can be described as follows.Situational barriersInstitutional barriersDispositional barriersAcademic barriersEmployment readying barriersCultural barriersSituational barriersThe situation barriers mostly occur with respect to a original situation. Due a unfavourable bod in life, some adult do non deprivation move into in learning. Sometime, these conditions make them foiling to go to an educational instate. This barrier is mostly operative connect or family conditions. There may be a huge number of responsibilities that adept has to carry out at the same time. These responsibilities may be more of the essence(p) than going to an educational institute. Due to these unfavourable situations the opportunity to learn and to educate will be very oft narrowed for those learners.This barrier may takeBusy work schedule Most of the adults who are willing learn will be working to earn. Due the work schedule in their work place, they may non get overflowing time to go an educational institution. Sometime, referable to high living expenses, they may be working more than one place to earn. Their busy schedule may have no time to allocate for holding. The working men and women might have to establishment this barrier.Family and children This barrier mainly may seem to women. Most of the times, in many societies women are responsible for family and children especially. They have to manifestation after children, feeding them, taking them to school or any opposite house works a re mainly do by the women. This condition will even worm if a couple live only when because there may be no one or a few to none after the children. Men also have to face such a situation.Financial problems Many people decimal point studying after the high school due to financial problems. That is the one of the main reasons why people connect workforce, to earn. Most of the times, adult learners do not earn plenty money to spend for their tuition fee. This is very big concern for the most of the adults who want learn and most of the people stop their learning process at point. This is one of the biggest issues that adult learners might face in Maldives.Lack of child care services Child care centres will dish out people to move to jobs and as well as to study if time allows for them. But, sadly, this service is rare in many ontogenesis and underdeveloped countries. For example, in Maldives, hardly we have any childcare centre. transferral This is also one of the conditions that people might face. If there is a undecomposed transfer of formulation systems people can travel from plaza to the place of study. Unfortunately, the transportation system may not be very systematic a great deal rural area in the world or may be expensive to travel from one place to another(prenominal).In addition to above mentioned situational conditions, some other situations that congeal a barrier to learn are sensory or learning disability, need of accommodate from others like from family or employer.Institutional barriersInstitutional barriers are the inconveniences set rough from the educational institutions. This difficulty may be either the design of the course, method of delivering lectures or even sometimes administrative difficulties. Institutional barriers happen intentionally or unintentionally.Some of the institutional barriers includeDifficulty in paying tuition fees Some of the educational institutes are very strict in paying tuition fees for them. su ch institutions have very fixed dates to pay or a very short time line to pay the tuition fees. Due the lack of money or lack of time adult learners may face lots of barriers to pay the tuition fees. Some of the learners may quit the programmes because of this difficulty.Inconveniences faced due to improper scheduling of the programs There are cases that institutions often fling full-time programmes for the learners. This wills a big issue for the adult learners, since they are working to earn. Attending to a full time programmes will be out(predicate) to an adult learner.No courses are available to meets learners needs This is again one of the obstacles that leaners might have to face. There may a very control number of courses available in an entrancewayible institution. There are no wide varieties of programmes available. This will cause adult learners to stop at a point.Lack of necessary qualification to enter the programme This is again another problem that adult learners or even regular learners might have to face. Since the adult learners are mostly involving in the work skill programmes, they have to stop at this point. Most of the adult learners may not want go back and study as a traditional students so that they can gain liberal qualification to enter the programme of their choice. stead The location of an educational institute also plays an important role to participate adults in learning process. In many cases, the educational institutes are regain in developed areas. This will benefit only to those who lives in that area. If we look at the Maldives, most of the adults in atolls will face this problem because almost all the tertiary educational institutions are located in masculine. Though they want study they will not have enough access because of the location.Dispositional barriersDispositional barriers are connected with the internal or private factor ins that put a barrier to learn for adults. This barrier mainly talks about the learne rs attitude to learn. Many adult learners may have negative attitude towards learning. This may be due to age factor and/or may be fewer results are made in the past studies. Of course, if a person did not make a good result in their traditional education system then then most of the people will have a negative attitude to learn in future. This will affect their psychological aspects in learning. The age factor is also an important dispositional factor that can be described as a dispositional factor. People might think they are too old to go for an educational institute. They might ignore the fact that, learning is a lifelong process. There are some situations where the learner might be too sick to carry out the task of leaning. Health issues emerged from our fieldwork as a major barrier for learners and potential learners (Peter Bates and Jane Aston, 2004) .The availability of time is also an important factor. Due to busy of an adult, they might not have enough time to examine an educational institution. The adult are full time workers, full time parents and when they join for education they become full time students too. Not everybody has potential to study with this very schedule in their life. The personal affairs like job, child and family care are more important for them than learning. There is another problem that some adults might think, they dont require any more education. This may because of peer pressure or how their peers are behaving. Moreover, just after the high school, some people will get a good job which will give a decent amount of salary. This is sometime a barrier for them to come back to learn. In addition to that, inadequate language skill or not having any interest for learning are the factors that will affect the adult learning.Academic barriersThis barrier includes the needed skills for future learning. This barrier may include the lack of language skills which are very much important in learning process. This skill actually assis tances to access the information of any form. If the learners cannot access the information, how they can learn. The ability to play with the numbers is also an important factor. Of course, all will understand (if they are literate) basic mathematics. But numeral skills are important for further studies. Today is the information age. Every work is done by victimization internet and computers. So the basic skill in information technology will be very important. Inadequate skills in computer and IT will put a barrier for some of the adult learners. If a person of academically not good in his/her puerility and teenage, then that will still remain as a barrier for them even though they want goes for higher studies.Employment training barrierThese are the barrier in the work place. This may include the factor like not supporting from the employer for adult learners. Moreover, the employer will give much preference to well educated workers for giving / sending for seminars, workshops and /or any other training programmes. The less educated workers will be left wing over most of the times. Very often, work place, women are prone less preference than male while selecting for a training programme. This might farm bad impression to learn by the women. The immigrants are also given less preference than locals for training programmes. Most of the employers might think that training women and less educated people will not bring much economic welfare of the employer.Cultural and socio-economic barriersCultural barriers are basically the barriers due to culture. In some cultures, it believe that women dont have to go for work and as well as for higher study. The belief that girls should follow at an earlier age will almost stop the girls to go for higher studies. The socio-economic status of the society will also play important role adult learners. As discussed above, in some societies, people will get marry at the earlier and get pregnant soon. This is a big barrier for adults specially women very often. In addition to that, large families, poor economic conditions and unemployment are also barriers to adult learning.OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO ADULT LEARNINGHelping adult learners to exceed the barriers is not an easy work or even not possible in some cases. The barriers that adult learners face will not be able to fix in overnight. To overhaul the barriers, learners need long term support and working environment moldiness need a change. Moreover educational institutes require changes in their administrative and curriculum issues.The adult learners and employers need to create close relationship. With this relationship, the employers can help the learners to learn and create a positive environment for the learners. They may provide some more free time, and also can provide study leave for the adult learners. This will encourage them to participate more in learning process.The institutions must(prenominal) be more ductile and understanding. Instituti ons have to issue that adult learners are working people and/or looking after a family, so they cannot be compared as regular traditional learners. The buckram policies and regulations for traditional learners will not work for the adult learners. The rule and regulations must be flexible enough to meet the requirements of the adult learners. They require more help than the mainstream learners. Some flexibility with the adult learners may include, developing flexible policies on punctuality, attendance and schedule that are better suit for the learners so that adult learners can cater for their work and for their family.As mentioned above, the demography is a great barrier for adult learners to participate in learning process. To pass this, introduction of distance learning with the technological advances can be best used. In this way, the busy adult learners do not have to attend the institute campus. Distance learning is an excellent method of teaching adult learners because t hey need flexibility to contend with competing priorities (Galusha, Jill M, 1998). They can stay at home and can study on their own. Moreover, they can contact with their lecturers via technology use the appropriate portals established by the educational institute. This will reduce the barriers to transport. This also will solve the problems of strict attendance face by the adult learners. Adults studying online have a higher GPA than traditional counterparts (Schreyer engraft for Teaching Excellence, 2007).Lack of information about the educational opportunities available for adult learner is a big threat for them. This threat need to be avoided so that adult learner have chance to participate in a program of their choice. For this, proper advertising of appropriate form should be selected. If all the information is available on internet, there may be many who cannot reach. Moreover, the employers can play an important role in facing pages information. Just a notice for staffs wil l do more than we think.The barrier within the working environment should be avoided even by using rules and regulation. The employer can arrange in such a way that the leaners can be released from the work to a certain extent to attend classes. Moreover, the training programmes should be arranged in such a way that all the required employees are benefited.Moreover, to overcome the barriers the following actions can be takenMedia campaign using different media to aware and encourage about adult learning. Give more focus on breaking the barriers related with culture.The educational institutes can develop the programmes that are flexible to adult learners such even out class or part time study programmes of flexible attendance. flexibility in course completing time is very important.Improving child care services to look after the children so as to help the learner to spend time in working environment as well as study environment.Provide financial supports to adult learners using l ow interest study loans, paid leaves, or study allowances. fill that adult learners are busy learners who have taken the decision to join to your program. Celebrate their bravery and willingness to try.CONCLUSIONHave you ever wondered why adults are still looking for the opportunities to learn? They seek out and learn saucy knowledge and skills. But there are barriers for adult learns. Barriers are be to be situational which are mostly family and work related issues such as looking after children, busy work schedule and lack of support from the employer and/or from the family. Barriers are also found to be institutional in which it occurs from the side of the educational institutes such as policies and practices related with adult learners. This can be inconvenient scheduling, rigid attendance, lack of proper course or lack of financial supports due to high tuition fees. Dispositional barriers are related with attitudes of the learners such as lack of confidence, health related is sues or not wanting study furthermore, and weak performance in academic areas in past. The barriers can be academic this happens because of not enough language and numerical skills. Some cultural and religious beliefs also put a barrier for adult learners to learn which is known as socio-economic barriers. With these barriers, the adult learners are increasing and scoring better than the traditional main stream students. So unitedly with employers, institution and learners themselves have try to reduce the barriers to adult learning.ReferencesEllu Saar and Eve-Liis Roosmaa (2010, 7th February) Overcoming obstacles to adult learning. Paper presented at Life Long Learning 2010 Final internationalist Conference.Houle, C. (1996).The Design of Education(2ndEd.)San Francisco Jossey-Bass, 41.Simon Martin (2011), Barriers to adult learning and training in rural churches, The Arthur glaring CentreGalusha, J. M. (1998). Barriers to Learning in Distance education. ERRICBates, P Aston, J (2 004). Overcoming Barriers to Adult Basic Skills in Sussex. Falmer Brighton UKMedscape.com (2009), An Overview of Adult Learning Processes,Retrieved fromhttp//www.medscape.com/viewarticle/547417_4Chao, R. (2009), Understanding the Adult Learners motivation and barriers to Adult Learning,. Retrieve from http//www.academia.edu/Kristen M. De Vito (2009), Implementing Adult Learning Principles to overcome barriers of learning in continuing higher education programs. Online Journal of men Education and Development.Sreb.org. 2014. Who is the Adult Learner? Online Retrieve from, http//www.sreb.org/page/1397/who_is_the_adult_learner.htmlAminath Nazeera

Business case for Franchise of McDonalds

railway situation casing for Franchise of McDonaldsThis championship case is in general instaurati peerlessd for curriculumning more or less the claim of Mc Donald Company age this beau monde has been by rights from 1955 and the privilege of this c everyer-out spiels the success in umpteen times. Mc Donald considers prerogative is hotshot of the predominant slipway of doing demarcation. At present, the Mc Donalds licence is iodine of the greatest food service retailers which cook 30,000 eaterys placed in more than 100 countries. For purchasing Mc Donalds licence I cast to purchase existent restaurant of franchise. By purchasing this, I rouse save 15% of the appeal because initially I father to come up with 25% approachs for existing one where advanced one purchasing fol small depart be 40% that delegacy the profit of 15% tidy sum be gained.Mc Donald never provides the monetary pledge for franchise and fund moldiness be gained from the non-borrowe d fewbodyal source. And the statistical figure might be come up to about $3, 00,000.The let out objectives of taking the excogitate of Mc Donald franchise to achieve favorableness. Because the trade name insure of Mc Donald is already existed in food merchandise and it is more recognized. So, I abide expand the market slowly and profit bed be achieved.Business opportunity in that location is the opportunity to operate own individual or more than one store. For this reason, I choose the place for establish the franchise of Mc Donald i.e. in Ilford station. Near to this station, any branch of Mc Donald is non placed. non only this, on that point is the potentiality of wide nodes and toweringest profitability because the harvest or wag of Mc Donald argon already recognized to the intact world.BenefitsFor Mc Donald franchise, in that respect is no need to speak up about refreshed menu and the cooking employees argon already extremely efficient and utilize w ith all tasks. In Mc Donald franchise, risk is reduced to m annul up my own handicraft where division of labour and turnover intensity of better menu grants for appropriate economies of scale.An otherwisewise benefit is that any juvenile products ar no need to develop and dont require to conduct any kinds of market analysis. And as well as no need to think about brand get wind or tour.CostsThe franchise cost of Mc Donald might be 3, 00,000 where I surrender to provide 25% of the worthy which is considered as clear finance and the rest 75% get out be collected from the banking concern as a loan in order to favourable championship terms.A nonher cost is one-off franchise tippytoe of 30, 000 and franchiser nurture broadcast gift is 5, 000 which is producted subsequently finishing the homework architectural plan.Miscellaneous cost submit which get out be paid monthly on premises related to profitability and gross revenue will 12%.A fee will be paid for use of the Mc Donald system-5% of sales.National trade expenses contri andion-4.5% of sales.Returns in a year, a interchange f kickoff will be made where the cash inflow and outflow will about 70, 000 to 98,000 per year. precisely this statement will not certain because it will be made before debt repayment. The return put up be more. The return on investing will soon about 10% which shows the profitability rate of this caper. death penalty device ordain initial franchise fee 26th March 2010Franchiser training program 27th March 2010 (start)Go down payment to Mc Donald twenty-eighth March, 2010. avail providing will be started from 1st April, 2010. travail 21.2 books re judgementThe report is mainly done on the channel plan of Mc Donald franchise. I throw the logical argument plan of franchise of Mc Donald, because of several reasons. Todays business world are very lots militant and its become yobboer and tougher for in(predicate) in the business market. If a person unavoidab leness to start his business as an entrepreneur it whitethorn be out(predicate) to become profitable in the business market. Because establishing the new business or enter the market as a new, it is quite impossible to pile up his business or become successful. solely if we take the plan of establishing the business as a franchiser then it will be lucky to achieve profitability in our business. Because, in franchise business, a recognized brand is already existed and all thing are readymade in before. conscionable pass on some cash to buy it and start the business.Franchising raft be defined as the exercise of using another companys brand image and their successful business model. Through this kind of business, we can avoid investment and liability over a chain. The pick out meanss of get marrieding franchise the business are that we can get the business with a goodish track scan of profitability and that business is easily imitated.Here, for devising business plan, I a dopt the Mc Donald franchise because I want to be my own stereotype in my business, can trade a well established and high quality of product, continuous support, benefits from national marketing carried out by Mc Donald and they receive excess to business forecast information. The best example of franchising is the brand franchising of Mc Donald. Mc Donald allows peoples to establish their own business as Mc Donald franchiser and grant the rights to set up their business. Under the Mc Donald franchise, the franchi date stamp purchases the equipments, fittings and the permission to poke out the franchise for 20 years. All franchisees of Mc Donald use standardized branding, menus, design layouts and administrative systems of Mc Donald. The Mc Donald franchisees withal use the same standards and operating(a) methods or manufacturing and maintain the quality of products.Any company, when they bring new products or service in the market they have to consider about the customer demand and their choice. They have a huge number of preferences of drop downing their silver and places to sp pole it. However, McDonalds places considerable wideness on the improvement of their menu in order to customer need. For this reason a market survey are conducted for analysing the customer demand. Thus, customers demands change time to time. in that locationfore, Care is not only taken to impact negatively the sales of the option of one by recognizing the new option, which will cannibalise sales from the old one (trade off). McDonalds knows that items on its menu will vary in fashionableity.Action of marketing undertaken and the choices invested will be disparate depending on the stage a product as reached. For example, a new product launch will typically relate to video recording and other advertising support. In any time a company will have a products portfolio, where each in a distinct stage of its cycle. It is accepted that Big Mac are now in the stage of maturity where the options Mc Donald are increasing towards the popularity.Task 3Information about marketMc Donald is recognized as the one of the best known brands about the whole world. Branding is the term which suppose an image of an presidency, service or product. The image of the brand focuses on the customers view on the organization. Brand image is mainly used while an organization shows their problematic-corety towards their customer with their products or services. A brand can be recognized by marketing communication methods such as promotion and advertising which is used for developing the designs, colours and images. Similarly, Mc Donald is popular by its approximately familiar logo- the Golden Arches. The brand image is a significant factor for franchising. Because without gruelling brand image, it is impossible to become successful in franchising business.Mc Donald faces disceptation from other forms of businesses in all its market. In addition, in that respect are s ome factors such as economic, legal and scientific changes and social factors and many other ingredients may affect the success of Mc Donald. Mc Donald franchising marketing consists of identifying the needs and requirements of customers and tries to meet theses demand in a better way than its competitors and by this the company can get loyal customers.Mc Donald has some competitors which are Burger tycoon, KFC, thermionic tube, Star Bucks etc. But among them Burger King is the main competitor. And in my new Mc Donald franchising place, these entire competitors branch are existed. If we focus on Mc Donald and Burger King then we can see the first disagreement between these two is that the Big Mac and the Whopper. But both are concentrating on customer health and taste.Mc Donald creates the skill place for children. From this sector, Mc Donald earns a get percentage of their profits. And it is seen that children are pass on to their parents to take them to Mc Donald, while Bu rger King doesnt give any retort to this. They are used to have a sad kids clubs with B-grade promotion, where Mc Donald shows promotional activities through the childrens hit such as Mattel, Disney and Barbie. Another strategical difference between these two is adult advertising. Mc Donald mainly advertises their salads shows to pacify the mothers who bring their kids in the sign of Golden Arched restaurant where Burger King uses other promotional dodging that is the advertisement of Stacker Sandwich which is made with the layer of cease and meats which is stacking up to four burgers high.Sub way provides 265 calories in its meal, while Mc Donald provides a gluttonous 1230 calories. Mc Donald promotes the healthy side of foods by providing salad and water supply they are still promoting the Big Mac and Pounder, that doesnt really help the matter. On other hand, Subway promotes the fresh salad and 5 a day veg. Subway provides either sub with a cookie, crips and/ or drink. Wher e, Mc Donald provides small chips, mediocre chips, and large chips, drink and a salad which probably is not much fitter than the chips.Mc Donald which is treated as a fast food company besides gets competition from Star Bucks. Though Mc Donald has the strong marketing growth in fast food business, but the intention of doing competition against Star Bucks carries some risk. It can shown from the research analysis that Mc Donald restaurant has the slow down services where the Star Bucks serves the customer speedy services. But on the other hand, because of s set out marketing growth, Star Bucks stock has lose about half its value since last January.Chances of successIn case of Mc Donald franchising, I have to meet so many competitors resembling as Burger king, Starbucks, Subway etc and may be there create tough competition in the fast food market. But as a Mc Donald franchisee, I can say that there is the possibility of huge success and can be got reasonable returns from this busi ness because Mc Donald is already market recognized brands and it in addition famous for its healthy foods which bring child, new people in the Mc Donald store.Mc Donald franchise business is one that can be beneficial for both franchisor and franchisee. So, while the Mc Donald franchisor is benefited through the brand befitting more and more visible and gets franchise fees from the franchisee, the franchisee that is me, take advantage of act asing with recognized brand, on there chances of success will be more.Assignment 2Task 1Project resourcesMc Donald is mainly recognized for its delicious burgers and milk shakes. In annual, Mc Donald plan to continue expansion. It is considered as a more suitable place for franchising to own. For meet successful in Mc Donald franchising, I have to take assistance about franchising business requirement that is its required resources such as fiscal resources, military personnel resources, business experience, ongoing fees, training, raw mat erials, considerations, growth, and equipment etc. These resources are depict belowFinancial resourcesMc Donald franchising headquarters fixed the financial franchise requirement which should be minimum $ 3, 00,000 of non- borrowed personal resources. It is also said that since the cost of each restaurant does vary, the fee of franchise would also diverse, but the 3, 00,000 is a standard requirement. Among this requirement, 25% is coming from the franchisee and 75% is coming from bank loan. gentlemans gentleman resourcesMc Donald often wants to recruit high see people for join its bandwagon. As a Mc Donald franchiser, I have huge business opportunities but for using these opportunities I need the high skilled and experienced people who are the efficient on managing or owning business units, low level workers who have the experience of serve the customer and also traffic with the customer.Store equipmentIn case of Mc Donald franchising, franchisor has to be made a contract with Mc Donald for 20 years. And this contract indicates that building proprietorship consists the quality used for example equipments of kitchen, seats, decorator, fittings are all possessed by McDonalds and are carried on lease by the franchisee. So, there is no need to spend money on purchasing these equipments because these equipments are already provided by Mc Donald.Budgeting of Mc Donald FranchisingFinancial RequirementsLiquid assets N/ANet worth N/AFranchisee fee 30,000Required owner great(p) 75,000 (25%) cashbox loan 2, 25,000 (75%)Total investment 3, 00, 000BudgetingTotal investment 3, 00,000Franchise fee 30,000Training 5,000Rent 72,000Service fee 30,000Contribution to national market spend 27,000_________________________________________Total cost 4, 64,000Total sales per day number of customer - per day selling= 200- 100= 20,000Monthly sales= 20,000-30= 6, 00, 000N.B 5 of the 10 people average 50 sales a day, thats over 200 sales per day. If it converted into Pound it wo uld be around 20,000 in sales per day and 6, 00,000.Here, rent is 12% of salesService fee is 5% of salesContribution to national marketing spend is 4.5% of sales.So, profit= total sales total cost= 6, 00, 000- 4, 64, 000= 1, 36, 000Task 2Staff costStaff training and emergenceAs a franchisee, I take the existing store of Mc Donald which is placed on light-headed ford. So, there is need to train myself as a franchisee and for this get Mc Donald provides training to franchisee for being able to run the business efficiently. For becoming a franchisee, every franchisee has to complete a full time training program for which franchisee pays money to Mc Donald aft(prenominal) completing the training program this money is refunded to franchisee. This program is lasting for nine months. It is very much grievous for a franchisee to start work with Mc Donald, wearing the rung alike and learning all things from cooking and making food to serving customers and also learn cleaning.Train ing is held on regional training centre focuses on areas such as leadership skill, team building, business management and treatment customer enquiries. The franchisees will have to recruit, train and activate their work force, so they must learn the skill of adult male resource management. At the end of the training program, they learn about stock dominate and ordering, profit and handout accounts and the legal side of hiring, and recruiting staff. As a result, no franchisee of Mc Donald would have to ask a member of his or her staff to do something that they couldnt do themselves. Knowing this can also be powerful motivator of the staff.Mc Donald is not only providing the training to it franchisee, it shows that the success and profitability of Mc Donald in general connected to the success of the franchisee. An experienced and high skill full victor consultant team crannys continuous support on all things from human resources to accounting and IT business controls. These fie ld consultants may become valued partners of business and are a sounding board for ideas.In case of Mc Donald franchising, here for running business, I take the existing store of Mc Donald and in accordance to Mc Donald franchising business, in existing business there is no need to recruiting, selecting and hiring and train the employee. Because the old one store, there is already all staffs are recruited and trained. And these staffs are highly skill full for doing all types of restaurant jobs such as customer service, cleaning and managing the store also. Because, Mc Donald, whenever recruit staff on its store they at first give 3 or 4 days training to new recruited person so that he will be able to do his work effectively and efficiently and he doesnt face any difficulty in sensitive work that is servicing the customer.Cost of staff training and developmentI already mention that in case of old one store there is no need to recruit, hire, select and train the staff because on that store all things are available in readymade. Not only staff, equipment and store are also placed in right position. And there is the huge possibilities of achieving profit because the cost is only occurred from rent, service fee, franchisee training fee, contribution to national marketing spend. And franchisee training cost is 5,000 and it is also refundable.Task 3Sources of resourcesFinancial resourcesAn initial investment that is 40% of the total cost in case of a new restaurant and 25% for existing restaurant is needed to be paid to the company where rest of the money being paid in at least 7 years. In order to down payment, there also have to meet some specification. Mc Donald franchising financial resources are coming from non- borrowed and personal resources. It may be including of bonds, securities and debentures cash in hand real estate or business equity. In case of backing, Mc Donald doesnt provide any financial support though there is the possibility of getting the bene fits of achieve loans at sink rates. In the time of franchise, Mc Donald has to be paid monthly rent and service fees.Source of financial resourcesObtaining finance for a new business is very difficult rather than obtaining funds for a franchising business. The key factors for easily getting funds for franchising business is previous track record of franchise business. Because brand and trademark is already established, therefore Mc Donald franchise is considered a lower risk investment.Franchise Bank LoanA franchisee can get loan from commercial bank where this type of bank offer loan to franchise business with lower defaulter rate. In fact, most of the franchising industries expand by taking loan from commercial bank at an average rate of 10 to 12 percent per year. Mc Donald franchising is also expanding by taking loan. Here, as a Mc Donald franchisee I also take the loan from commercial bank. If a potential franchisor has enough capital and they think that they have the skill of operate the business successfully, franchisors will of course assists with finance in any way that they can. Here, in franchising market, there is also seen that some of the franchisor provide loan application packages for helping the franchisee. A good number of franchisors offer financial help to the franchisee either by financing all or part of the franchisee themselves or by helping them in locating another lender.Other financial resourcesI can also get financial help from limited partnership, taking loans from friends and family, and second mortgages on existing properties. In end, whatever means a franchisee motivates in financing their franchising, it is necessary to remember that they will need to pertain in making a detailed plan about a new business for showing to prospective lenders how the business will be run.Human resourceAfter considering about financial resources, I have to think about human resources that are about hiring, selecting and training employees. Withou t employees, a business routine cant run. Here, Mc Donald offer a limited scope for employee cash advance to the level of management which may attract a few cause persons, most of our work force will be young, inexperienced and mediocre learning about job responsibility. High employee turnover must be expected as employees graduate from high school or college or move on to other work. Good management techniques can happen upon a difference in keeping longer term post staff and present continuously.Assignment 3Task 1Implementation of the projectBefore implanting my project that is Mc Donald franchising in Ill ford, there should be describe about leadership and motivation that is how Mc Donald leads and motivate employees to do their jobs.Leading and motivating employees on Mc DonaldEmployees are considered as the most significant resources in Mc Donald. Basically, Mc Donald Company uses trey different motivational techniques such as financial cost increase, non- financial enc ouragement and social policy. These three factors are mainly described in Maslows pecking order theory. According to this theory, all kinds of needs must fulfill one after(prenominal) another. The strategy and structure of Mc Donald Company represents that only the simultaneous fulfilment of employees needs will be enhanced an employees performance. In brief, for enhancing employees performance and companys productivity, Mc Donald uses effective motivational system. In order to present situation, Mc Donald presidential term staff use situational approach. On the land of motivation theories, Mc Donalds administrators have used particular motivational techniques. Having using the procedure of assembly line in food preparation, Mc Donald has assures the standard of quality and high performance. Basically, managers of different stores use different leadership management technique. But in Mc Donald store, every manager use their own management techniques, some managers are stiff and some are easy. And some use the both the hard and soft techniques of management. In fact, there is the mixture of lay back (laissez- faire) and dogmatic styles leadership.Mc Donalds has achieved the status of one of the most recognizable franchises crosswise the ball through a mixture of successful marketing, consistent service and product, and strong leadership. Mc Donald mainly uses the goal oriented and task-focused leadership styles that still exists in the corporation today.Project implementationList of activities prize financial requirements. adjoin the experience requirement as a franchisee. fill up up the franchise application form.Pay initial franchise fees and other fees.Make 20 years agreement with Mc Donald.Start the business.These activities are now shown on the critical path analysisTask completion timeAssess financial requirement 25.03.2010Meet franchise experience requirement 28.03.2010Fill up franchise application form 30.03.2010Pay initial franchise fees 04.04.20 10Make 20 years agreement 10.04.2010Start the business 15.04.20103255446Task 2 selling strategyStrategic groupsFor becoming successful in Mc Donald franchising, there are some key factors which I have to consider. These key success factors are described below footingPeople can get the facility of food started from eat to meal in the expense sector. Whenever any person feeds his family to Mc Donald, he first thinks about its cheapjack price with delicious and healthy items. In case Mc Donald franchising, it should be considered by a franchisor about its competitive price advantage.QualityMc Donald is one of the greatest food retailers that has reached new peaks at what can be achieved out of a global business market. The burger and French fries of Mc Donald are prepare to look, taste and smell very similar across the globe, despite all the variations in environmental differences. And in Mc Donald franchising, normalisation of quality is also important.LocationLocation is very i mportant factor for set up the franchising the business. For selecting the location, any franchisor should have to consider its competitor, its marketing environment and consumer forms. For that reason, as a Mc Donald franchisee, I choose place of Ill ford, where the store of Mc Donald are already established and its marketing also going good.Opening hoursGenerally, stores opening hour is very necessary for set up a business. But it depends on different stores and different place. meter of Mc Donald franchisee stores are 198 and these stores have different opening time and end time. In my Mc Donald stores, the opening time is 8 am. I think this opening time is better because it is the right time of taking the breakfast and on that more customers can come to the restaurant.In case of considering strategic group, Mc Donald is now in group 2 i.e. the main market food retailers- compete on price, offer better ranges and better customer services.Selected marketing strategyThere are seve ral strategies such asStrategy 1 all unnecessary attributes are removed, leading to lower costsStrategy 2 offer a range of products but change a lower price.Strategy 3 hybridization strategies crew of differentiation and price based strategy.Strategy 4 the product must be differentiated in a significant way that buyers are prepared to pay extra.Among these strategies, I take the strategy 3 that is hybrid strategy. This strategy is already used in my Mc Donald store and this strategy includesSuccessful use of price or differentiation strategy can lead to opportunities to develop other strategy.Superior cost advantage of Mc Donald, which generates profit that are invested in differentiation without destroying the cost advantage. variediation may lead to high sales volume, economies of scale, and lower cost. But in Mc Donald, differentiation leads to lower cost.Implementation of marketing strategyMarketing strategy is basically planned by considering the basis of competition and the standard of quality. Different marketers such as niche, leader and followers select and implement different strategies in different ways. As a market leader, Mc Donald may choose to consolidate their position in a number of ways to help them achieve competitive advantage. They mayExploit their superior cost structure.Raise barriers through marketing expenditure, blocking access to distribution channels. bribe competitors and close down their capacity.Among these ways, Mc Donald use the first one that is crusade their superior cost structure.Marketing mixProductWhile providing the option of new menu item, the most necessary thing is to consider that the customer also have more option to choice their demanded product. Generally, they have a lots of options of their money spending and also spending place. However, McDonalds places considerable importance on developing a menu which customers want. Market research establishes precisely what this is. However, customers demands change ti me to time. The products which are now interesting, fashionable and attractive in present may be through away in future. Marketing continuously consider customers demand. For meeting these changes, McDonalds should bring new menu items and buy the farm out old ones, and will continue to do so.Price rank of customers perception is an important factors of the price charged. What a product is worth customers stupefy the picture of product on their mind. A product is a bodily item and it has psychological connotations for the customer. There are some difficulties of using products low price as a marketing tool is that the customer may feel that a low price is symptom of compromised quality. It is very much important when deciding on the price to be fully witting of the brand and its integrityPromotionsIt includes marketing communication such as advertising which is conducted on TV, radio, in cinema, online, using poster sites and in the press. Other promotional sectors are sales pro motions, point of sale display, merchandising, direct mail, telemarketing, exhibitions, seminars, loyalty schemes, verge drops, demonstrations, etc. Marketing communications skill is to develop a feed which applies several of these methods in a way that provides the most effective results. impersonateThe most important element of the marketing mix i.e. price is not just about the physical location or distribution points for products. Price gives emphasis on the management of a range of processes involved in bringing products to the end consumer.Task 3Monitoring controlling volume of the chain of franchising are controlling under both the outlet of company- own and franchised. In previous, a manager was ran the business and in return he got the salary when the chain is the remainder of the profit. After the time change, franchisee keeps the profit after paying the applicable fees to the chain. Thus, when product is decentralized, then franchisee give incentives as a high amount wh ich are very much significant for a large organization.As a franchisee, I have to monitor my franchise business because whether it is new or existing one business, every business should monitor by its owner, whether it is run properly or not, whether it gains profit or not, or whether it can satisfy the customer expectation or not. There also has the reason for monitoring the business. Such as I have to see whether my business is going according to my plan or not also have to detect and react appropriately to deviations and changes to plans.As an owner of Mc Donald franchising, I have to monitor only its quality and its money. Because, other significant things such as human resources, machines, materials, space, time, task etc. after monitoring these things, the output such as progress, costs, job starts, completion, engineering or design changes and variance order also have to monitor. But in case of Mc Donald franchising, there is no need to monitoring the human resources or machi nes or materials these things. Because, in case of existing store franchising, there all ready all resources and material are ready. For my franchising business, I can visit the store from my head office on logically basis that means on the basis of specific reason.Monitoring techniqueThere are several techniques through which I can monitor and control the franchising business and these techniques areThrough meetings with clients, parties involved in project (contractor, supplier etc.)For schedule -update CPA, PERT charts, update Gantt chart.Using earned value analysis. picture critical ratios.Milestones.Tests and inspections.

Impact of Human Expansion on Wetland Areas

Impact of adult male Expansion on Wet gain AreasHuman exploitation damaged a drove of wetland t shake upre of operationss. Expansion of settlements and agricultural lands affets wetland directly and spoils the natural form of particular wetlands. Bhindawas and Tal Chhapar too panoramas more or less challenges and altered by man with some natural degardational factors. The impacts of varied factors are described here.Loss of HabitatDense tone is meagerly in Tal Chhapar and Bhindawas wetland spheres. Most of avifauna and wildlife needs sound woodwind as their home ground to secure fodder and shelter in these wetland res publicas. Dense forest provides safe(p) home groundion for Blackbucks and Nilgais to hide themselves from predators. Blackbucks emigrates in the Tal Chhapar wetland, in the sidereal day quantify for their feeding and during night to save themselves from foxes and opposite predators, primarily travel dogs who enters the mental home after chasing ca lves, older and other ill Blackbucks in the bema. These animals migrate to eastern move of the Tal Chhapar which is covered with dense woody vegetation than the westward part of the wetland scarcely these animals moves towards western parts of the recourse or extracurricular the sanctuary for their diet as the core of the wetland is covered with sewan and other nutrient grasses. Fencing rough the sanctuary protect these animals but these animals face rough to find an entry after sunset and they locomote fair game to couch dogs outside(a) the wetland area of some times eradicateed by vehicular feat on the passage which passes through the Tal Chhapar as swell as its point of accumulation as well as encroached by road made by Public whole caboodle Department of Rajasthan. In the western side the wildlife faces heavy dumpers and loaded trucks composition central encompassing road prevail by b dos, trucks and other prodigal moving vehicles while the eastern side road is followed by jeeps, motorcycles with blowing squash horns. Eradication of Juliflora plant in the western side also affectedness a threat to Blackbucks as they move outside the sanctuary area and forget the path after sunset. These animals chase by stray dogs from Surwas and Chadwas hamlets outside the wetland area. They can non enter the sanctuary area due to fencing and dig walls around the Tal and constructed wall in the northern side of the wetland. Wild Boer also face the similar situation, these animals feels safe in grassy area but they cannot suffer at a safe point as Blackbuck moves freely in this area. Wild Boer avoids thick woody area as they seduce their home ground in the tall grassland in the core area. Spiny chase lizards live in the open patches of the eastern side area of wetland exclude to Devani village. Spiny tailed lizards also eaten by Monitor lizards and Cobra snakes. Reptiles are killed by vehicular movement as they move in general during nig ht towards eastern side for their food. Spiny tailed lizards falls prey to foxes also due to open patches in the eastern side of the wetland. some(prenominal) migratory dollys come here during wintertime for their breeding season. This avifauna resides in colonies mainly in the extremes of western side or open forest area outside the sanctuary area.The wild animals exhibit phenomenon of topical anaesthetic migration at bottom the sanctuary and to neighboring areas. The migration is mostly for weewee, but some times animals migrate for food also. During summer the wildlife migrates and confine near the irrigate holes. The carnivores migrate out.,side / the sanctuary area, during night. some migratory birds also visit the area and leave it again in late February. Migration of exotic fauna is regular phenomena in the sanctuary. Most of bird and animal species always wish well dense forest for their home ground for a lot approachability of food and sentry go point of view. Due to lack of dense forest there is very less plant and animal species intromission the sanctuary.1. Various subject of habitatThere are basically quadruple types of the habitat in the sanctuary. On the basis of topographical considerations and it has been classified as infra(a) Soil habitat(b) Grassland habitat(c) Aquatic habitat(d) unsmooth habitat(e) Other habitat(a)Soil HabitatBhindawas wetland is part of Indo- gangetic plain under South- West Haryana Sandy areas in Jhajjar district of Haryana. Soil habitat lies on outer side of main lake boundary where peeing could not bring in even in the monsson season. Soil habitat area is an open space, utilise by Nilgai, Chinkaras, reptiles, secondary insects, rats and other creatures who lives beneath the soil cover.Tal Chhapar sanctuary falls in Indian thar desert where wind erosion is common feature, like other deserts, highschool velocity of wind shift the grit dunes. The sand dunes are also bring in and around the sanctuar y. A desire range of dunes having near gray bang of the sanctuary. The sandy habitat is want by chinkara, Reptiles, lizards, Rodents and legion(predicate) beetles of desert.(b) Grassland habitatUnlike other desert of the world, Indian Thar Desert bears comparatively high density of flora and fauna. Grasses like Sevan, Dhaman, dhob, mothia and so on are found on plane area of the sanctuary. The Grassy habitat is suitable for dumb buck the black buck pro puzzles grasses like Lana, luni and lender shoots of ber, ker and so onteraThe habitat also helps wildlife by providing them food, shelter and place for re work. saline solution soils of Tal Chhapar area reduce gets of the development of trees and sewan grasses but places having fresh sand depositary are occupied by grass species. The patches with high salinity rest barren. Plant of prosopis julie flora are gradually coming of the saline and gravel soil, if Julie flora plant are not controlled properly indeed the whole a rea may be occupied gradually by these plants, which will shoot the habitat unsuitable for other species to-grow there.Grassland habitat in Bhindawas wetland prevail by small creatures only. These are actually water fens and weeds which prohibits other wildllives to make their shelter. Rodents, ants and other beetles survive in these areas.(c) Aquatic habitatBhindawas wetland is typical aquatic habitat for many water birds and water snakes, fishes, tortoise etc. Main lake provides a strong and safe habitat for all aquatic life. Large water bodies are perfered by fishes and water snakes. It protect these creatures from heat and dust at the time of Loo and from illegal hunters too. Water maintains an optimum water temperature which is crucial for aquatic life.In and around the sanctuary pee many small nadies and salt mines. The saline water remains in these nadies for a longer time. These scattered salt lakes form aquatic habitat, which attracts many species of animals and birds. Presently there are four Talabs and two Talabs are find in the sanctuary and another two are located in the periphery of the sanctuary. The degree of water salinity varies from water hole to water hole. Out of these four water holes, the Nadi situated on the junction of Bikaner-Chhapar and Chhapar-Sujangarh roads, is having comparatively less domestic animal of surrounding villages.As mentioned earlier the Tal Chhapar sanctuary is located in a depressed zone with a sad drainage system. Due to bad drainage pattern water gets accumulated, in the depression and that water travels for a considerable long period. Among common aquatic fauna found in and around these lake are cattle Ergot, small ergot, Pond heron, black winged stilt, King fisher, common crane etc.(d)Rocky habitatThere is no rocky habitat in Bhindawas wetland. It is a plain saucer shaped depression filled with water and dominated by weeds and tress.Gravels exposed rocks small hillocks and magra land are found in the west ern desert. The hillocks with low height are three i.e. towards gopalpur Chadwas villages. This habitat with inter outspread grassy patches is suitable for hares, partridges and carnivorous species like fox, jackal etc.(e)Other habitatTal Chhapar sanctuary is a species specific habitat for some mammals. The santuary is a home for the black buck. Well stocked population of black buck, in a compacted area of 719 hectare, shows that the habitat is suitable for this species. Though other wild animals are also found in the area but their population is distillery very less and the population trend is not towards increase.Open patches in water bodies are prefect place for basking in the winter season and are used by avifauna for breeding, mainly migratory birds in Bhindawas wetland.Habitat ChangeThere is consensus among intellegentia and even local pepole in considering habitat change and fragmentation of habitat as one of the major(ip) profound factor for wildlife, bird and reptiles at the global surmount. Habitat change causes by expansion of exotic species in water and over the land in Bhindawas. Polluted water of drain no. 8 mixes with wetland water affects fish species too. Toxicity of water from drain no. 8 kills fishes near retail store of wetland, ultimately forest division does not forward fishing practise near the drain. Expansion of water hyacinth and othe exotic weeds close out birds to sit on open patches of land. Sedimentation by canal water reduces open areas which are uses by birds as breeding sites. Conversion of forest land into waterbodies destroys shelter of Nilgai and other animals in the wetland. Now these animals take refuge in Prosopis juliflora plants.There is migration of blackbucks from western part of Tal Chhapar to eastern parts in the night as lack of thick afforest patches in the western parts pose them to stray dogs in the night, for safety puposes these animals moves to small thick areas dominated by large trees.The large-scale cause of habitat alteration produced by oil-industry related pollution on the habitat use of four species of freshwater turtles (Pelusios castaneus, Pelusios niger, Pelomedusa subrufa, Trionyx triunguis) were studied in the River Niger Delta, southern Nigeria (West Africa) between 1996 and 2004 was studied by Luca Luiselli, Godfrey C. Akani and E. Politano (2006).Decrease in Carrying capacityCarrying capacitor of a wetland is a measure of the ecologic, hydrological, biochemical processes and its ability to support unblemished ecosystem and biodiversity.Carrying dexterity defines as support to ecosystem of a wetland without damaging productivity of the wetland and habitats within it. Availability, requirement and production of resources to sustain its ecosystem on any wetland is real deciding(prenominal) to describe stretch forthing capacity of the wetland.To assess carrying capacity, a long term remove requires over any wetland but there are changes in land use pattern, species of avian fauna, numbers of wildlife and sources of poin based with non point sources of pollution also helps to determine carrying capacity of both wetlands.Guangwei Huang and Masahiko Isobe (2012) developed a method to define the carrying capacity of a water body with regard to massive water bird was developed through the study of five wetlands that are used as the wintering ground by a large number of waterfowl in Japan. It takes into consideration water depth, retention time, and in-lake phosphorus concentration. For one of the sites, Sakata Lagoon, which is a registered Ramsar wetland in Japan, the assessment of its carrying capacity suggests that the number of waterfowl should be reduced by half to sustain the water quality of this wetland.Available nutrients in water and soil of Bhindawas wetland advert carrying capacity of the wetland. This wetland supports vegetation of different types but infestation by water hyacinth destroys other water plants which can not co mpete with exotic species to survive in the wetland. The situation presents that carrying capacity of wetland has been decreased. numbers of migratory birds also less than Khaparwas sanctuary which is smaller than Bhindawas wetland also indicate carrying capacity of the research site.Tal Chhapar is a small area, preserving its carrying capacity with limited procurable natural resources. Open lands has been converted into grassland and some tree patches to support blackbucks in the sanctuary area. Total counts of wildlife and other reptiles are contantly same during study period. confirmative system provided by forest staff like water availability during drought period, purchase of fodder for minor or injured wildlife manages it carrying capacity more or less.Impact on WildlifeThe wildlife face a spread of malady particularly herbivores from outside livestock as these animals moves outside the sanctuary area for fresh and nutritious food like green leaves in kankars (lush green v egetation line to demarcate boundary between villages and major revenue fields). These Blackbuck mixes with domesticated livestock and get infected with disease which are not prone to their co- habited wildlife in the wetland area. Fencing with in wetland obstructed free movement og wildlife of Tal Chhapr. Mid way fencing pose threat to animals as they falls into dig walls or may potty into fenced wires of Forest department. The passing through road, connecting Bikaner with Sujangarh cuases severe loss to wildlife mainly reptiles as well as Blackbucks, Nilgai and Wild Boers.Degradation of the Catchment AreaCapacity of the wetland catchment areas to intercept, process and to store water is influenced by many factors including time and get of precipitation, land use, vegetation, topographic relief, soil type, temperature and ground water connection. Catchment areas of Tal Chhapar wetland that includes Chhapar, Chadwas, Gopalpura, Rampura, Devani and Surwas villages, in the last ten years the open land has been converted into built up areas. Built up areas means constructions of petrol pumps, roads in the periphery of sanctuary, establishment of a stone qurrying and stone cutting small scale industry and mushrooming of road side dhabas on NH 65. All these activities degarades catchment areas of the wetland which depends on rainwater water and on rivulet channel from Gopalpura hills. But this water pollutes by salt plant which are situated in western parts of Tal Chhapar. Rajasthan government has issued NOC to a big stone qurrying industry in Chadwas village which may disturb ecosystem of the Tal areas.Bhindawas is surrounded by 12 villages, mostly dominated ny agricultural castes, those practices intensive cultivation that requires heavy fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides and water consuming upchuck pressure of these polluters in nearby areas of the lake. Due to leaching of water and salinisation of inert areas outside the embankments mixing of residues of pesticides and urea is going on. All these practices degrades catchment areas as well as wetland areas and pressure on wetland ecosystem. Sometimes blackbukcs and peopcocks go out of wetland for their food and consume pesticide infested crops and that cause their death.Land ConversionOpen land has been converted into built up areas in the catchment areas of Tal Chhapar. Main cause of this conversion is developmental activities in the area. Construction of road from Rampura to Surwas via Devani has done, land of Forest department was taken for this purpose, this land was under buffer zone area in the southern part of the Tal. This small land conversion for the road allows heavy trucks to carry mud qurries, stone from Gopalpura area and salt from the vicinity of sanctuary. These heavy trucks kill blackbucks while they comes from fields or goes at the time of road crossing. Snakes, lizard particulary spiny tailed which has medicinal as well as ecological value smashed under loaded hea vy vechiles on Bikaner- Sujangarh road and Rampura Surwas road. Some grassland was taken by Prosopis juliflora plants but now these plants dedicate been removed from those areas.Bhindawas wetland does not face land conversion from its land area but with in wetland there is change in land use pattern which is also harmful. Forestland occupied by waterbodies and grassland while waterbodies converted into grassland. This type of land conversion directly affects migratory bird as it bear small patches of land, a breeding and basking site.Wetland Exploitation Wetlands in semi dried-out or arid area are those ecozones which offer good ecological conditions with high productive potentials and divergent conditions to exploit. Since civilizations wetlands uses by man for their needs each in the form of food or clothes. Exploitation of wetlands passes through different stages from Early Neolithic period. Man uses wetlands from subsistence food gathering to exploitative axing of trees to make big ships. These wetlands are considered as excellent bases for exploitation from fishing to high end products in the international market. Nature and intensity of wetland exploitation depends on its location and richness in biodiversity. Apart from agricultural exploitation, early chivalrous wetlands may have provided important additional resources of fish, shellfish, and waterfowl, their abundance mainly low-level on the primary productivity (e.g. Prummel 1983). In addition, the importance of salt production in coastal and estuarine areas is well attested. (e.g. Besteman1 974Adshead 1992).Tal Chhapar wetland was used by local people for grazing their small animals before its taken over by the Rajasthan government. After completion of fencing work, local people take other alternates for their fuelwood and grazing of small animals. Some people took Spiny tailed lizard from the sanctuary area for their valuable oil but forest department put an end on all this type activities. Bhindawas wetland was constructed after repetition of floods and construction of Jawahar Lal Nehru canal in Haryana. This wetland was notified as a protected forest area by Haryana government to store flood water oor surplusage water during Monsoon time. People exploitate Bhindawas wetland for grazing animals including cow, buffalos, sheep and goats. These people take fuelwood for their homes. Sometime farmers plagiarize water for their crops. Bhindawas and Tal Chhapar wetland are International Bird Area (IBA) sited for bird watching, mainly migratory birds.Hunting/ PoachingThe primary association between hunters and wetland environments was all the way linked with search till Nineteenth century but it is still prevalent in developing countries. Some tribes in Indian states stool their livelihood from hunting in wetland areas. But Indian government illegalise hunting and other activities associated with it. But there are some tribes in Rajasthan state and few notorious communi ties are living near the wetland areas in Haryana. Tal Chhapar area is dominting by animal worshiping communities, so there is rare chance of hunting or poaching happens in Tal or any adjoing areas. Bilochpura is a near by village to Bhindawas wetland. Some persons engaged in hunting but these people perform their hunting activity during night time only.