Monday, April 1, 2019

Impact of Human Expansion on Wetland Areas

Impact of adult male Expansion on Wet gain AreasHuman exploitation damaged a drove of wetland t shake upre of operationss. Expansion of settlements and agricultural lands affets wetland directly and spoils the natural form of particular wetlands. Bhindawas and Tal Chhapar too panoramas more or less challenges and altered by man with some natural degardational factors. The impacts of varied factors are described here.Loss of HabitatDense tone is meagerly in Tal Chhapar and Bhindawas wetland spheres. Most of avifauna and wildlife needs sound woodwind as their home ground to secure fodder and shelter in these wetland res publicas. Dense forest provides safe(p) home groundion for Blackbucks and Nilgais to hide themselves from predators. Blackbucks emigrates in the Tal Chhapar wetland, in the sidereal day quantify for their feeding and during night to save themselves from foxes and opposite predators, primarily travel dogs who enters the mental home after chasing ca lves, older and other ill Blackbucks in the bema. These animals migrate to eastern move of the Tal Chhapar which is covered with dense woody vegetation than the westward part of the wetland scarcely these animals moves towards western parts of the recourse or extracurricular the sanctuary for their diet as the core of the wetland is covered with sewan and other nutrient grasses. Fencing rough the sanctuary protect these animals but these animals face rough to find an entry after sunset and they locomote fair game to couch dogs outside(a) the wetland area of some times eradicateed by vehicular feat on the passage which passes through the Tal Chhapar as swell as its point of accumulation as well as encroached by road made by Public whole caboodle Department of Rajasthan. In the western side the wildlife faces heavy dumpers and loaded trucks composition central encompassing road prevail by b dos, trucks and other prodigal moving vehicles while the eastern side road is followed by jeeps, motorcycles with blowing squash horns. Eradication of Juliflora plant in the western side also affectedness a threat to Blackbucks as they move outside the sanctuary area and forget the path after sunset. These animals chase by stray dogs from Surwas and Chadwas hamlets outside the wetland area. They can non enter the sanctuary area due to fencing and dig walls around the Tal and constructed wall in the northern side of the wetland. Wild Boer also face the similar situation, these animals feels safe in grassy area but they cannot suffer at a safe point as Blackbuck moves freely in this area. Wild Boer avoids thick woody area as they seduce their home ground in the tall grassland in the core area. Spiny chase lizards live in the open patches of the eastern side area of wetland exclude to Devani village. Spiny tailed lizards also eaten by Monitor lizards and Cobra snakes. Reptiles are killed by vehicular movement as they move in general during nig ht towards eastern side for their food. Spiny tailed lizards falls prey to foxes also due to open patches in the eastern side of the wetland. some(prenominal) migratory dollys come here during wintertime for their breeding season. This avifauna resides in colonies mainly in the extremes of western side or open forest area outside the sanctuary area.The wild animals exhibit phenomenon of topical anaesthetic migration at bottom the sanctuary and to neighboring areas. The migration is mostly for weewee, but some times animals migrate for food also. During summer the wildlife migrates and confine near the irrigate holes. The carnivores migrate out.,side / the sanctuary area, during night. some migratory birds also visit the area and leave it again in late February. Migration of exotic fauna is regular phenomena in the sanctuary. Most of bird and animal species always wish well dense forest for their home ground for a lot approachability of food and sentry go point of view. Due to lack of dense forest there is very less plant and animal species intromission the sanctuary.1. Various subject of habitatThere are basically quadruple types of the habitat in the sanctuary. On the basis of topographical considerations and it has been classified as infra(a) Soil habitat(b) Grassland habitat(c) Aquatic habitat(d) unsmooth habitat(e) Other habitat(a)Soil HabitatBhindawas wetland is part of Indo- gangetic plain under South- West Haryana Sandy areas in Jhajjar district of Haryana. Soil habitat lies on outer side of main lake boundary where peeing could not bring in even in the monsson season. Soil habitat area is an open space, utilise by Nilgai, Chinkaras, reptiles, secondary insects, rats and other creatures who lives beneath the soil cover.Tal Chhapar sanctuary falls in Indian thar desert where wind erosion is common feature, like other deserts, highschool velocity of wind shift the grit dunes. The sand dunes are also bring in and around the sanctuar y. A desire range of dunes having near gray bang of the sanctuary. The sandy habitat is want by chinkara, Reptiles, lizards, Rodents and legion(predicate) beetles of desert.(b) Grassland habitatUnlike other desert of the world, Indian Thar Desert bears comparatively high density of flora and fauna. Grasses like Sevan, Dhaman, dhob, mothia and so on are found on plane area of the sanctuary. The Grassy habitat is suitable for dumb buck the black buck pro puzzles grasses like Lana, luni and lender shoots of ber, ker and so onteraThe habitat also helps wildlife by providing them food, shelter and place for re work. saline solution soils of Tal Chhapar area reduce gets of the development of trees and sewan grasses but places having fresh sand depositary are occupied by grass species. The patches with high salinity rest barren. Plant of prosopis julie flora are gradually coming of the saline and gravel soil, if Julie flora plant are not controlled properly indeed the whole a rea may be occupied gradually by these plants, which will shoot the habitat unsuitable for other species to-grow there.Grassland habitat in Bhindawas wetland prevail by small creatures only. These are actually water fens and weeds which prohibits other wildllives to make their shelter. Rodents, ants and other beetles survive in these areas.(c) Aquatic habitatBhindawas wetland is typical aquatic habitat for many water birds and water snakes, fishes, tortoise etc. Main lake provides a strong and safe habitat for all aquatic life. Large water bodies are perfered by fishes and water snakes. It protect these creatures from heat and dust at the time of Loo and from illegal hunters too. Water maintains an optimum water temperature which is crucial for aquatic life.In and around the sanctuary pee many small nadies and salt mines. The saline water remains in these nadies for a longer time. These scattered salt lakes form aquatic habitat, which attracts many species of animals and birds. Presently there are four Talabs and two Talabs are find in the sanctuary and another two are located in the periphery of the sanctuary. The degree of water salinity varies from water hole to water hole. Out of these four water holes, the Nadi situated on the junction of Bikaner-Chhapar and Chhapar-Sujangarh roads, is having comparatively less domestic animal of surrounding villages.As mentioned earlier the Tal Chhapar sanctuary is located in a depressed zone with a sad drainage system. Due to bad drainage pattern water gets accumulated, in the depression and that water travels for a considerable long period. Among common aquatic fauna found in and around these lake are cattle Ergot, small ergot, Pond heron, black winged stilt, King fisher, common crane etc.(d)Rocky habitatThere is no rocky habitat in Bhindawas wetland. It is a plain saucer shaped depression filled with water and dominated by weeds and tress.Gravels exposed rocks small hillocks and magra land are found in the west ern desert. The hillocks with low height are three i.e. towards gopalpur Chadwas villages. This habitat with inter outspread grassy patches is suitable for hares, partridges and carnivorous species like fox, jackal etc.(e)Other habitatTal Chhapar sanctuary is a species specific habitat for some mammals. The santuary is a home for the black buck. Well stocked population of black buck, in a compacted area of 719 hectare, shows that the habitat is suitable for this species. Though other wild animals are also found in the area but their population is distillery very less and the population trend is not towards increase.Open patches in water bodies are prefect place for basking in the winter season and are used by avifauna for breeding, mainly migratory birds in Bhindawas wetland.Habitat ChangeThere is consensus among intellegentia and even local pepole in considering habitat change and fragmentation of habitat as one of the major(ip) profound factor for wildlife, bird and reptiles at the global surmount. Habitat change causes by expansion of exotic species in water and over the land in Bhindawas. Polluted water of drain no. 8 mixes with wetland water affects fish species too. Toxicity of water from drain no. 8 kills fishes near retail store of wetland, ultimately forest division does not forward fishing practise near the drain. Expansion of water hyacinth and othe exotic weeds close out birds to sit on open patches of land. Sedimentation by canal water reduces open areas which are uses by birds as breeding sites. Conversion of forest land into waterbodies destroys shelter of Nilgai and other animals in the wetland. Now these animals take refuge in Prosopis juliflora plants.There is migration of blackbucks from western part of Tal Chhapar to eastern parts in the night as lack of thick afforest patches in the western parts pose them to stray dogs in the night, for safety puposes these animals moves to small thick areas dominated by large trees.The large-scale cause of habitat alteration produced by oil-industry related pollution on the habitat use of four species of freshwater turtles (Pelusios castaneus, Pelusios niger, Pelomedusa subrufa, Trionyx triunguis) were studied in the River Niger Delta, southern Nigeria (West Africa) between 1996 and 2004 was studied by Luca Luiselli, Godfrey C. Akani and E. Politano (2006).Decrease in Carrying capacityCarrying capacitor of a wetland is a measure of the ecologic, hydrological, biochemical processes and its ability to support unblemished ecosystem and biodiversity.Carrying dexterity defines as support to ecosystem of a wetland without damaging productivity of the wetland and habitats within it. Availability, requirement and production of resources to sustain its ecosystem on any wetland is real deciding(prenominal) to describe stretch forthing capacity of the wetland.To assess carrying capacity, a long term remove requires over any wetland but there are changes in land use pattern, species of avian fauna, numbers of wildlife and sources of poin based with non point sources of pollution also helps to determine carrying capacity of both wetlands.Guangwei Huang and Masahiko Isobe (2012) developed a method to define the carrying capacity of a water body with regard to massive water bird was developed through the study of five wetlands that are used as the wintering ground by a large number of waterfowl in Japan. It takes into consideration water depth, retention time, and in-lake phosphorus concentration. For one of the sites, Sakata Lagoon, which is a registered Ramsar wetland in Japan, the assessment of its carrying capacity suggests that the number of waterfowl should be reduced by half to sustain the water quality of this wetland.Available nutrients in water and soil of Bhindawas wetland advert carrying capacity of the wetland. This wetland supports vegetation of different types but infestation by water hyacinth destroys other water plants which can not co mpete with exotic species to survive in the wetland. The situation presents that carrying capacity of wetland has been decreased. numbers of migratory birds also less than Khaparwas sanctuary which is smaller than Bhindawas wetland also indicate carrying capacity of the research site.Tal Chhapar is a small area, preserving its carrying capacity with limited procurable natural resources. Open lands has been converted into grassland and some tree patches to support blackbucks in the sanctuary area. Total counts of wildlife and other reptiles are contantly same during study period. confirmative system provided by forest staff like water availability during drought period, purchase of fodder for minor or injured wildlife manages it carrying capacity more or less.Impact on WildlifeThe wildlife face a spread of malady particularly herbivores from outside livestock as these animals moves outside the sanctuary area for fresh and nutritious food like green leaves in kankars (lush green v egetation line to demarcate boundary between villages and major revenue fields). These Blackbuck mixes with domesticated livestock and get infected with disease which are not prone to their co- habited wildlife in the wetland area. Fencing with in wetland obstructed free movement og wildlife of Tal Chhapr. Mid way fencing pose threat to animals as they falls into dig walls or may potty into fenced wires of Forest department. The passing through road, connecting Bikaner with Sujangarh cuases severe loss to wildlife mainly reptiles as well as Blackbucks, Nilgai and Wild Boers.Degradation of the Catchment AreaCapacity of the wetland catchment areas to intercept, process and to store water is influenced by many factors including time and get of precipitation, land use, vegetation, topographic relief, soil type, temperature and ground water connection. Catchment areas of Tal Chhapar wetland that includes Chhapar, Chadwas, Gopalpura, Rampura, Devani and Surwas villages, in the last ten years the open land has been converted into built up areas. Built up areas means constructions of petrol pumps, roads in the periphery of sanctuary, establishment of a stone qurrying and stone cutting small scale industry and mushrooming of road side dhabas on NH 65. All these activities degarades catchment areas of the wetland which depends on rainwater water and on rivulet channel from Gopalpura hills. But this water pollutes by salt plant which are situated in western parts of Tal Chhapar. Rajasthan government has issued NOC to a big stone qurrying industry in Chadwas village which may disturb ecosystem of the Tal areas.Bhindawas is surrounded by 12 villages, mostly dominated ny agricultural castes, those practices intensive cultivation that requires heavy fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides and water consuming upchuck pressure of these polluters in nearby areas of the lake. Due to leaching of water and salinisation of inert areas outside the embankments mixing of residues of pesticides and urea is going on. All these practices degrades catchment areas as well as wetland areas and pressure on wetland ecosystem. Sometimes blackbukcs and peopcocks go out of wetland for their food and consume pesticide infested crops and that cause their death.Land ConversionOpen land has been converted into built up areas in the catchment areas of Tal Chhapar. Main cause of this conversion is developmental activities in the area. Construction of road from Rampura to Surwas via Devani has done, land of Forest department was taken for this purpose, this land was under buffer zone area in the southern part of the Tal. This small land conversion for the road allows heavy trucks to carry mud qurries, stone from Gopalpura area and salt from the vicinity of sanctuary. These heavy trucks kill blackbucks while they comes from fields or goes at the time of road crossing. Snakes, lizard particulary spiny tailed which has medicinal as well as ecological value smashed under loaded hea vy vechiles on Bikaner- Sujangarh road and Rampura Surwas road. Some grassland was taken by Prosopis juliflora plants but now these plants dedicate been removed from those areas.Bhindawas wetland does not face land conversion from its land area but with in wetland there is change in land use pattern which is also harmful. Forestland occupied by waterbodies and grassland while waterbodies converted into grassland. This type of land conversion directly affects migratory bird as it bear small patches of land, a breeding and basking site.Wetland Exploitation Wetlands in semi dried-out or arid area are those ecozones which offer good ecological conditions with high productive potentials and divergent conditions to exploit. Since civilizations wetlands uses by man for their needs each in the form of food or clothes. Exploitation of wetlands passes through different stages from Early Neolithic period. Man uses wetlands from subsistence food gathering to exploitative axing of trees to make big ships. These wetlands are considered as excellent bases for exploitation from fishing to high end products in the international market. Nature and intensity of wetland exploitation depends on its location and richness in biodiversity. Apart from agricultural exploitation, early chivalrous wetlands may have provided important additional resources of fish, shellfish, and waterfowl, their abundance mainly low-level on the primary productivity (e.g. Prummel 1983). In addition, the importance of salt production in coastal and estuarine areas is well attested. (e.g. Besteman1 974Adshead 1992).Tal Chhapar wetland was used by local people for grazing their small animals before its taken over by the Rajasthan government. After completion of fencing work, local people take other alternates for their fuelwood and grazing of small animals. Some people took Spiny tailed lizard from the sanctuary area for their valuable oil but forest department put an end on all this type activities. Bhindawas wetland was constructed after repetition of floods and construction of Jawahar Lal Nehru canal in Haryana. This wetland was notified as a protected forest area by Haryana government to store flood water oor surplusage water during Monsoon time. People exploitate Bhindawas wetland for grazing animals including cow, buffalos, sheep and goats. These people take fuelwood for their homes. Sometime farmers plagiarize water for their crops. Bhindawas and Tal Chhapar wetland are International Bird Area (IBA) sited for bird watching, mainly migratory birds.Hunting/ PoachingThe primary association between hunters and wetland environments was all the way linked with search till Nineteenth century but it is still prevalent in developing countries. Some tribes in Indian states stool their livelihood from hunting in wetland areas. But Indian government illegalise hunting and other activities associated with it. But there are some tribes in Rajasthan state and few notorious communi ties are living near the wetland areas in Haryana. Tal Chhapar area is dominting by animal worshiping communities, so there is rare chance of hunting or poaching happens in Tal or any adjoing areas. Bilochpura is a near by village to Bhindawas wetland. Some persons engaged in hunting but these people perform their hunting activity during night time only.

No comments:

Post a Comment

Note: Only a member of this blog may post a comment.